Chp1 Modul2 2

• Fuels


  Made from crude oils, composed of hydrogen and carbon (hydrocarbons)
• Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)


  Consists of propane and butane, used as engine fuel but requires different fuel supply system than gasoline
• Properties of LPG Fuel

  • Density
  • Boiling Temperature
  • Octane Number
• Liquefied Natural Gas


  Natural gas used directly from oil well, consists largely of methane and other hydrocarbon gases
• Classifications of Gasoline


  • Natural gas gasoline
  • Straight-run gasoline
  • Cracked gasoline
  • Blended gasoline
• Gasoline


  • Volatility
  • Antiknock property (octane number)
  • Corrosion
  • Existent gum
  • Gravity
• Fuel for Two-Cycle Gasoline Engine


  Mixture of gasoline and lubricating oil (ratio approximately 15-20 gasoline: 1 lubricating oil)
• Kerosene


  Heavier product of crude oil distillation than gasoline, cannot be used alone in spark ignition engines
• Diesel Fuel


  • Ignition characteristics (cetane number)
  • Viscosity
  • Pour point
• Lubricants


  Reduce friction and wear, provide cooling, sealing, and cleaning
• Engine Oil (Motor Oil) Classifications

  • SAE (viscosity)
  • Based on quality (diesel vs gasoline engines)
• Engine Oil


  • Viscosity Index
  • Flash and fire point
  • Carbon residue
• Principal Lubricant Additives


  • Antioxidants
  • Anticorrosives
  • Detergents
  • Dispersants
  • Extreme Pressure Agents
  • Foam Inhibitors
  • Pour Point Depressants
  • Viscosity Index Improvers
• API Service Classification for Diesel Engine

  • CA
  • CB
  • CC
  • CD
• SAE Viscosity Numbers of Gear Oil

  • 70W
  • 75W
  • 80W
  • 85W
  • 90
  • 140
  • 250
• API Service Classification for Gear Oils

  • GL-1
  • GL-2
  • GL-3
  • GL-4
  • GL-5
• Hydraulic Oil (Working Oil)

  • Density
  • Bulk modulus
  • Flash point
  • Kinematic viscosity
  • Viscosity index
  • Specific heat
• Factors that Cause Deterioration of Oils

  • Airborne matter
  • Products of combustion
  • Products of corrosion
  • Unburned fuel
  • Metallic particles
• Greases


  Semifluid or semisolid lubricants, mixture of metallic soap and mineral oil
• Classification of Grease


  • Calcium (cup grease)
  • Sodium (fiber grease)
  • Aluminum (motor/chassis grease)
  • Lithium (multi-purpose grease)