Biology

• Chartist movement: A movement of working class people who wanted to reform the government and improve their lives
• Who founded the chartist movement?

  William Lovett and Francis Place
• What did the chartists want?

  Political reform and democratic rights for working-class people in the 19th century.
• Closed System: A system that experiences no net change in its total energy when energy transfers occur within it
• Conservation of Energy: The law that energy can be transferred, stored or dissipated but never created or destroyed
• Efficiency: The ratio of useful output energy transfer to total energy input
• Elastic Potential Energy: The store of energy that stretched or compressed objects experience
• Elastic Potential Energy is directly proportional to the stiffness constant and to the square of the extension or compression
• Fossil Fuels: Coal, oil and gas
• Gravitational Potential Energy: The store of energy that all raised matter has
• Gravitational Potential Energy is directly proportional to the mass of the object, the distance that it is risen and the gravitational field strength at that point
• Joule: The unit used for energy
• Joule is equal to the work done when a force of one Newton acts over a distance of one metre
• Kinetic Energy: The store of energy that all moving matter has
• Kinetic Energy is directly proportional to the object’s mass and to the square of its velocity
• Power: The rate at which energy is transferred, or at which work is done
• Renewable Energy Resource: An energy resource that can be replenished whilst it is being used
• Spring Constant: A measure of a spring’s stiffness
• The greater the value, the greater the force required to stretch or compress the spring by a given distance
• What is the function of ciliated cells?

  Move and push mucus
• What structure is indicated by the arrow pointing towards the outermost layer of the cell?

  Cell wall
• What organelle is responsible for producing ATP?

  Mitochondrion
• What is the role of a vacuole in a plant cell?


  Stores water, nutrients, and waste products
• What organelle breaks down waste products and cellular debris?

  Lysosome
• How does the biconcave shape of red blood cells benefit their function?

  It increases surface area for oxygen uptake
• What role do protein fibers play in muscle cell contraction?

  They slide past each other to shorten the cell
• Where does aerobic respiration happen in the cell?

  In the mitochondria
• How does the cell wall benefit plant cells?

  Provides structural support and protection
• What are the key components of phase diagrams used to study phase transitions?

  • Temperature
  • Pressure
  • Phases present
  • Phase boundaries
  • Triple point
  • Critical point
• What takes place in the cytoplasm?

  Chemical reactions occur
• How do the adaptations of muscle cells contribute to their function?

  Long shape and fibers allow effective contraction
• Which organelle is the primary storage site for genetic material?

  Nucleus
• What is the primary function of red blood cells?

  Transport of oxygen
• What type of fastener is shown in the images?

  A washer
• What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what are its two types?

  The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membranous tubules and sacs within the cytoplasm. Its two types are:

  • Rough ER (has ribosomes on its surface)
  • Smooth ER (lacks ribosomes)
• What are the major components of the nucleus and their functions?

  • Nucleus: Controls the cell's activities
  • Nucleolus: Produces ribosomes
  • Nuclear membrane: Regulates transport into and out of the nucleus
• What type of vacuole is labeled in the image, specifically designed to break down materials?

  Lytic vacuole
• What are the small, granular structures found in the cytoplasm that are involved in protein synthesis?

  Ribosomes
• What are the key differences between plant and animal cells?

  • Plant cells have a large central vacuole
  • Plant cells have a rigid cell wall
  • Plant cells contain chloroplasts for photosynthesis
• What are the main components of the renal system?

  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Urinary bladder
  • Urethra