Cold war

• June 1948 - May 1949:

  Berlin blockade - Soviets closed all roads and train access to W. berlin in hopes to starve them into surrender.
• When was the Berlin Blockade?

  June 1948 - May 1949
• What is the Berlin Blockade?

  The closing of roads and train access to W. Berlin by the soviets to make them surrender
• Berlin airlift - to airlift supplies to Berlin for 11 mo.
• How many % of canadians believed an attack could happen at any time?

  36%
• Suez canal

  • acces point from Europe to asia built by France and Britain in Egypt
• Nassar, The president of Egypt, didn't like the foreign control of the Suez Canal and planned to use its profit to ruin Israel. Britain and France didn't like this and threatened war against Egypt.
• Israel attacked Egypt in 1956
• USSR threatened to use their bomb on London and Paris after Israel's attack in 1956
• Lester Pearson

  • Canadian who suggested UN to organize the world's 1st peacekeeping mission to resolve the Suez Crisis
• Suez Crisis was the birth of Peacekeeping
• PM Diefenbaker grounded the Avro Arrow and bought the US bomarc defence nuclear missile intead of protecting Canada
• 14,000 jobs were lost because of the grounding of Avro Arrow
• US supported south vietnam against the communist gov of North Vietnam
• The US bombed North Vietnam in 1965
• PM Pearson halted the bombing of North Vietnam
• Tens of thousands of Americans came to Canada as military deserters
• Trudeau withdrew 50% of Canadian troops from Europe under Europe NATO
• 1969, PM Trudeau announced that NORAD activities on Canada will be under Canadian jurisdiction
• Trudeau felt that Canadian defence was more important than European defence
• in 1972, 2 nuclear-armed missile bases were dismantled in Quebec and Ontario
• 1975, nuclear weapons were eliminated from Canada
• what is the meaning of the cold war?

  the

  • it is the political tension and military rivalry between the US and USSR
  • It started at the end of WW2 (1945) and ended at the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991)
  • "cold" bc there wasn't a direct battle that happened between the US and USSR. They fought for their beliefs the using the conflicts in other countries like Vietnam
• 2 sides of the cold war:

  • capitalism
  • communism
• What are the countries that wanted to re-establish Europe and spread democracy?

  Allied Powers
• what country wanted to spread communism after WW2?

  Soviet Union
• what and when were the 2 conferences held after the cold war?

  • Yalta - Feb 1945
  • Potsdam - July/Aug 1945
• who were the ones who attended each conference?

  • Yalta - Churchill, Roosevelt, and Stalin
  • Potsdam - Churchill, Truman, and Stalin
• what was the goal of each leader in the Yalta conference?

  • Churchill - to strengthen Britain and restore democracy in Germany
  • Roosevelt - to defeat the Japanese with the help of Stalin and to create another "League of Nations"
  • Stalin - wanted to protect the USSR from the potential invasion of Germany in the future
• the Yalta agreement:

  • Germany was divided into 4 zones: US, USSR, Britain, and France
  • the capital city of Germany, Berlin, was also divided and was in the Soviet zone.
  • Germany was later on divided into 2 countries: West Germany (capitalist) and East Germany (communist).
• The Potsdam agreement:

  • Soviets established a communist government in Poland
  • UN was established
• after Potsdam, Stalin forced communist government all over East Europe
• Iron Curtain

  • created by Winston Churchill
  • invisible curtain the divides communist Eastern Europe from Capitalist Western Europe
• Igor Gouzenko

  • soviet cipher clerk working in the soviet embassy in Ottawa
  • revealed that the Canadian government had been infiltrated by Soviet spies.
• Dr. Ewen Cameron

  • researcher that conducted the "mind-controlling experiment at McGill uni in the 1950s to 1960s
  • he used mind-altering drugs and shocking treatments.
• US Senator Joseph McCarthy was the leader of the conference to investigate the "non-American" meeting of communists
• Canadian diplomat Herbert Truman was the one who committed suicide because of the pressure from being investigated by the RCMP at the 2nd time of being investigated.
• US and USSR arms race:

  • 1949 - soviets tested their atomic bomb
  • 1952 - US tested their hydrogen bomb which was 1000x worse
  • 1954 - USSR tested their hydrogen bomb
• 1963 - US and USSR signed the nuclear test ban treaty
• Containment - prevention of communism from spreading to other countries.