ESE 6-8

• Solid Waste


  Solid substance from human activities
• Classification of Solid Wastes

  • Organic waste
  • Biodegradable
  • Non-biodegradable
  • Combustible
  • Non-combustible
  • Recyclable
  • Toxic
  • Construction
  • Hazardous
  • Bulky
• Sources of Solid Wastes

  • Residential
  • Industrial
  • Commercial
  • Institutional
  • Construction
  • Municipal
  • Agricultural
  • Biomedical
• Effects of Solid Waste Pollution

  • Ground water pollution due to leachates
  • Spread of various diseases
  • Food and water contamination
  • Pollution
  • Transmission of disease through medical wastes
  • Malaria and plague disease
• 5R's of Waste Management

  • Refuse
  • Reduce
  • Reuse
  • Repurpose
  • Recycle
• Essential Components of the Waste Management System

  • Waste generation
  • Onsite handling, storage, and processing
  • Waste collection, transfer, and transport
  • Waste processing and recovery
  • Waste disposal
• Steps for Effective Solid Waste Management System

  • Categorize solid waste
  • Identify the source
  • Identify health risk
  • Determine the bulk of waste
  • Safe collection
  • Safe transport
  • Safe disposal
• Solid Waste Management Techniques

  • Thermal Process
  • Biological Process
  • Other Process
• Thermal Process

  • Waste Incineration
  • Pyrolysis
  • Pyrolysis/Gasification
  • Modified Gasification
  • Plasma Arc Gasification
• Biological Process


  • Aerobic Digestion
  • Anaerobic Digestion
• Other Process

  • Landfills
  • Recycling
• Air Pollution


  Alters air quality
• Air Pollutants


  Matter in the atmosphere that has detrimental effects on humans and atmosphere
• Ambient Air Quality


  Pollution present in a broad area, atmosphere's average purity
• Ambient Air


  Air around us
• Primary Pollutants


  Directly released into the atmosphere
• Secondary Pollutants


  Converted into a hazardous form
• Fugitive Emissions


  Do not go through smokestacks
• Six Criteria Pollutants

  • Sulfur Dioxide
  • Nitrogen Oxide
  • Carbon Monoxide
  • Oxide
  • Lead
  • Particulate Matter
• Other Pollutants

  • Mercury
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Halogen
  • Hazardous Air Pollutants
• Aesthetic Degradation


  Changes to physical and chemical properties of atmosphere
• Indoor Air sometimes more dangerous than Outside Air
• Temperature Inversions


  Concentrate air pollutants, hotter air above cooler air
• Important Chronic Health Effects

  • Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
• Acid Precipitation


  Deposition of wet acidic solutions and dry air particles to the atmosphere
• Pollutant Removal and Reduction

  • Air Pollution Control Facilities
  • Particulate removal
  • Sulfur Removal
  • Nitrogen Oxide
  • Hydrocarbon Controls
• Water Pollution


  Change in water quality
• Sources of Water Pollution

  • Industries
  • Scattered or Diffuse
• Pathogenic Organisms


  Most serious water pollutants, main source is untreated or improperly treated human wastes
• Oxygen Levels


  Amount of oxygen dissolved is a good indicator of water quality. 6 ppm for aquatic life and 2 ppm for microorganisms
• Biochemical Oxygen Demand


  Amount of dissolved oxygen for microorganisms to decompose organic matter
• Chemical Oxygen Demand


  Uses a strong oxidizing agent to breakdown all organic matter
• Oxygen Sag


  Oxygen decline downstream
• Dead Zone


  Oxygen-depleted zones
• Oligotrophic


  Clear water and low biological activity
• Eutrophic


  Rich in organisms and organic materials
• Inorganic Pollutants


  Some are released from rocks by weathering
• Organic Pollutants


  Includes drugs, pesticides, and industrial substances
• Municipal Sewage Treatment


  • Primary treatment
  • Secondary Treatment
• Activated Sludge Process


  Effluent from primary treatment is pumped into the tanks and mixed with a bacteria-rich slurry