Physics (Double Award)

• As speed doubles, Thinking distance doubles, and Braking distance quadruples.
• Terminal Velocity: Maximum speed an object can travel. Here, the forces are balanced.
• Stopping distance: Thinking distance + Braking distance.
• Effectors of Fuel consumption:

  -Large loads (increased mass)

  -Driving at high speeds

  -Driving over rough surfaces(increased friction)

  -Driving on hills (increased incline)
• Forces and Reactions in a Main Sequence Star

  -Forces are Balanced (g=gp)

  -Fusing hydrogen into helium
• Order of planets:

  mercury venus

  earth mars jupiter saturn uranus

  neptune
• Forces in a main white dwarf/neutron star/black hole:

  -Forces NOT balanced (g>gp)

  -no reactions because no gas
• Life cycle of a large star:

  -Protostar

  -Main Sequence star (MST)

  -Red Giant

  -Supernova

  -Black Hole / Neutron star
• Gamma decay

  -High energy EM wave

  -Low ionising (no charge)

  -Highly penetrating

  -stopped by thick lead and concrete
• Life cycle of a small star

  -Protostar

  -Main sequence star

  -Red giant

  -White dwarf
• Define Half-Life:

  Time taken for a radioactive isotopes mass or activity to decay by half.
• Newtons Second law

  • F=ma
• Newtons 3rd Law

  -If object A exerts a force on object B, then object B will exert and equal and opposite force on object A.
• things that effect braking distance:

  -worn our tyres

  -worn our break pads

  -weather conditions

  -speed and mass of vehicle
• Safety features in cars

  -seat belts

  -Airbags

  -Crumple zone
• What does AU stand for:

  astronomical unit
• What is AU?

  • the distance between the earth and the sun
• Radioactive waste disposal


  -Buried under sea in concrete in

  Containers for many years
• Things that affect thinking distance

  • Alcohol
  • Tiredness
  • Age
  • Drugs
  • Distractions
• Light year:

  -the distance it takes light to travel in one year
• Newtons 1st law

  -A body will remain at rest or in uniform motion until acted on by an external force.
• Alpha Decay

  -Helium nucleus

  -Highly ionising ( +2 charge )

  -Low penetrating

  -Stopped by paper and skin
• Beta decay

  -Fast moving electron

  -Medium Ionising (-1)

  -Medium penetrating

  -stopped by aluminium
• Forces in a Main red giant/Supergiant

  -Forces NOT balanced (g<gp)

  -Fusing helium into heavier elements
• Forces and Reactions in a MST (Main sequence star)

  • Gravity = gas pressure
  • fusing hydrogen into helium
• Life Cycle of a large star

  -protostar

  -Main sequence star

  -Red Supergiant

  -Supernova

  -Black hole OR Neutron star
• Newton's second law states that force equals mass times acceleration, F=ma