Short term

• Short term effects on the muscular system: increase in temperature as respiration produces heat, risk of cramps, increase lactate accumulation due to lactic acid production causing muscle fatigue
• Short term effects on cardiovascular system: increase stroke volume, increase heart rate, increase cardiac output which all remain high until the oxygen debt is repaid
• Short term effects on the respiratory system: increase tidal volume, increase breathing frequency, increase minute ventilation which remain high until the oxygen debt is repaid
• Cardiac hypertrophy is an increase in the heart muscle size and strength as a result of regular aerobic training
• Pre-anticipatory rise is a rise in heart rate before exercise dud to adrenaline
• Recovery rate is the time taken for heart rate to return to the testing value