lec finals

• Communicable (infectious) disease


  An illness caused by some specific biological agent or its toxic products that can be transmitted from an infected person, animal, or inanimate reservoir to a susceptible host

  
• Noncommunicable (noninfectious) disease


  A disease that cannot be transmitted from infected host to susceptible host
• Communicable diseases


  • Common cold
  • Pneumonia
  • Mumps
  • Measles
  • Pertussis
  • Typhoid fever
  • Cholera
• Noncommunicable diseases


  • Appendicitis
  • Poisoning
  • Injury (due to motor vehicle crash, fire, gunshot, etc.)
• Acute disease


  An illness with peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months (usually sooner)
• Chronic disease


  A disease in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months and, in some cases, for the remainder of one's life
• Communicable chronic diseases


  • AIDS
  • Lyme disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Syphilis
  • Rheumatic fever following streptococcal infections
  • Hepatitis B
• Noncommunicable chronic diseases


  • Diabetes
  • Coronary heart disease
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism
• Agent


  The causative agent of a communicable disease
• Reservoir


  The source from which a communicable disease can be transmitted
• Types of reservoirs


  • Human
  • Animal
  • Environmental (plants, soil, water)
• Chain of infection


  A model to conceptualize the transmission of a communicable disease from its source to a susceptible host

  
• Case


  A person who is sick with a disease
• Carrier


  A person or animal that harbors a specific communicable agent in the absence of discernible clinical disease and serves as a potential source of infection to others
• Zoonosis


  A communicable disease transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to humans
• Anthroponosis


  A disease that infects only humans
• Direct transmission


  The immediate transfer of an infectious agent by direct contact between infected and susceptible individuals
• Indirect transmission


  Transmission of communicable disease involving an intermediate site
• Prevention


  The planning for and taking of action to forestall the onset of a disease or other health problem
• Intervention


  Efforts to control a disease in progress
• Eradication


  The complete elimination or uprooting of a disease (e.g., smallpox eradication)
• Levels of prevention


  • Primary prevention
  • Secondary prevention
  • Tertiary prevention
• Key information to understand the spread of a communicable disease

  • Symptoms
  • Causative agent/s
  • Diagnosis
  • Occurrence
  • Reservoir
  • Incubation period
  • Transmission
  • Risk groups
  • Prevention
  • Management of the patient
  • Management of Contacts & the immediate environment

  
• Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs)


  Diseases that remain a concern for communities, are leading causes of death, can occur in epidemic proportions, and have the potential to deplete resources rapidly

  
• Multicausation disease model


  A model where the human host is in the center of a complex environment in which they live, with a unique genetic endowment and a multitude of risk factors within the environment that may contribute to the disease process

  
• Modifiable risk factors


  • Body weight
  • Salt intake
  • Smoking
  • Exercise
• Non-modifiable risk factors


  • Age
  • Ethnicity
  • Sex
  • Genetics
• Contributing risk factors


  Factors that enhance the development and effects of the disease and its complications, such as low socioeconomic status, psychological risk factors, breakdown of social structure
• Four major categories of NCDs

  • Cardiovascular Diseases
  • Diabetes
  • Chronic Respiratory Diseases
  • Cancer

  
• Coronary heart disease (CHD)


  A chronic disease characterized by damage to the coronary arteries in the heart, evolving from the condition known as atherosclerosis - narrowing of the blood vessels due to fat build-up along the walls of arteries
• Screening


  A type of secondary prevention, with the goal of early detection of the disease to permit early intervention

  
• NCD BEST BUYS


  Evidenced-based, cost-effective public health interventions to stop and control NCDs, serving as a guide for policy decisions
• Philippine policies/laws related to NCDs

  • RA 7432: Senior Citizens' Act
  • RA 8749: Clean Air Act
  • RA 10351: Sin Tax Law
  • RA 10611: Food Safety Act
  • RA 10643: Graphic Health Warning Law
  • DOH Belly Gud for Health
  • PhilHealth
  • Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program (4Ps)
  • No smoking in public places and institutions
  • Establishment of bike lanes
  • Graphic inclusion in cigarette packs

  
• Surface water


  Precipitation that does not infiltrate the ground or return to the atmosphere by evaporation; the water in streams, rivers, and lakes
• Groundwater


  Water that infiltrates the ground
• Aquifer


  The porous, water-saturated layers of underground bedrock, sand, and gravel that can yield economically significant amounts of water
• Water system classification


  • Level I (stand-alone water points)
  • Level II (piped water with a communal water point)
  • Level III (piped water supply with a private water point)
• Water pollution


  Any physical or chemical change in water that can harm living organisms or make it unfit for other uses
• Types of water pollution

  • Point source pollution
  • Nonpoint source pollution
• Types of water pollutants

  • Biological (pathogens or undesirable living organisms)
  • Non-biological (non-living hazardous materials, chemicals)