Energy system + recovery

Created by

sam hughes

Cards (99)

Where do we get energy from for muscular contractions?
Adenosine Triphosphate (found in high quantities in carbohydrates)
Where the bonds are broken down to release energy into the body w
What enzyme breaks down ATP?
ATPase
Into ADP + Pi
How is re-synthesis of ATP performed?
Three chemical reactions within the body
By food or a chemical called phosphocreatine
How does the conversion of fuel to energy occur
Use of three energy systems
Aerobic system (glycolysis, krebs and ETC)
ATP-PC system
Anaerobic glycolytic system
What is the aerobic system?
Exercise is at low intensity and oxygen supply high
Glucose is broken down into co2 and h2o
Oxidation of glucose produces a maximum of 38 ATP
Products of fat and protein digestion are converted to acetyl coenzyme A for entering the krebs
How do you remember the stages of the aerobic system?
GKE
GET KINETIC ENERGY
GLYCOLYSIS KREBS CYCLE ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
Describe the role of fats in the aerobic system?
Fats in the form of fatty acids and proteins in the form of amino acids are broken down
They are undergo beta oxidation to form acetyl coenzyme A which enters the Krebs cycle
What is glycolysis?
A process by which glucose is converted to pyruvate to produce energy
Describe the process of glycolysis?
First stage is anaerobic and takes place in the sarcoplasm of the muscle cell
Glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid
Two molecules of ATP produced
Glycogen --> Glucose (glycogen phosphorylase = enzyme) --> pyruvic acid (phosphofructokinase = enzyme)
During anaerobic exercise pyruvic acid is then broken down to lactic acid via the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase.
What must happen to pyruvic acid before entering the Krebs cycle?
Must be oxidised into two acetyl groups
Then carried into the Krebs cycle
Describe the Krebs cycle?
Two acetyl groups will diffuse into the matrix of the mitochondria
Combine with oxaloacetic acid which forms citric acid
Hydrogen removed from citric acid and undergoes oxidative carboxylation (carbon and hydrogen given off)
Carbon forms co2 and hydrogen is taken in electron transport chain
Produce two ATP
Describe the electron transport chain?
Hydrogen carried to electron transport chain by hydrogen carriers. This occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria.
Hydrogen splits into hydrogen ions and electrons and are charged with potential energy.
The ions are oxidised to form water, while the electrons provide energy to re-synthesise ATP. 34 molecules of ATP are formed.
What is beta oxidation and why does it occur?
Breaking fat down into glycerol and three fatty acids
It Is then converted to acetyl coenzyme A in beta oxidation
Fat metabolism follows then the same path as glycogen
More ATP is made from on molecule of fatty acid than from glycogen
This is why fatty acids are used in long duration
What are the advantages and disadvantages of an aerobic system?
More ATP produced 38 ATP
No fatiguing by-products (co2 and water)
Lots of glycogen and triglyceride stores so exercise can last for a long period of time

Complicated system so energy not available straight away, it takes a while for o2 to become available and break down glucose and fatty acids
Fatty acid transportation to muscles is low and requires 15% more o2 to be broken down
What is phosphocreatine?
An energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells
What is the ATP-PC system?
Occurs without the presence of oxygen
Provides energy for High intensity, short duration bouts of exercise
can be seen in power and strength forms of training.
Can supply energy for less than 10 seconds before complete exhaustion.
Activated at the onset of actvity, regardless of intensity
Give an example of when the ATP PC system may be used?
5-8 second duration
May last the duration of a sprint, but another energy system must provide energy as PC lasts only for this duration
Describe how the ATP-PC system works?
High ADP stores will trigger release of creatine kinase
Anaerobic process (breaks down phosphocreatine anaerobically into phosphate and creatine + energy)
PC needed for providing a high power of contractions
Energy created to convert ADP to ATP a coupled reaction
5-8 second duration
What is the equation in the ATP PC system?
PC — Pi + creatine + energy
What are the advantages and disadvantages of the ATP PC system? 
ATP can be rapidly resynthesised in the system
Phosphocreatine stores can be resysnthesised quickly (first 30s to 50%, 3 min to 100%)
No fatiguing byproducts
Extend duration of the system through creatine supplementation

Limited phosphocreatine stores in muscle cells (8 second duration)
Only one mole of ATP can be resynthesised for every mole of PC
PC re synthesis can only take place in the presence of o2 (low intensity);
What is the anaerobic glycolitic system?
Production of high powered energy for high intensity exercise for a longer duration than the ATP PC system
What does the duration of the anaerobic glycolytic system depend upon? 
The intensity of exercise
Fitness of a particular individuals
Give an example of a sport using the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Events such as a 400m as peak is 45 seconds
Lasts for 3 minuets
Therefore a runner can't run this distance and run this distance straight after this
Where is the supply of the energy from the for the anaerobic glycolytic system?
Resynthesis of ATP from the fuel of glucose
Supplied from the digestion of carbohydrates and stored in the muscles and liver as glycogen
Describe how the anaerobic glycolytic system functions?
PC stores are low, enzyme glycogen phosphorylase is activated to break down glycogen to glucose
This is then broken down into Pyruvic acid by phosphofruktokinase
Occurs in sarcoplasm
Lactate dehydrogenase breaks down pyruvic acid into lactic acid
Energy release for ATP resynthesis
Two ATP produced for every glucose molecule
What are the advantages and disadvantages of anaerobic glycolytic system?
ATP resynthesis is quick due to few chemical reactions and lasts longer than the ATP PC system
In o2 presence lactic acid can be converted back into glycogen in liver cells
Used for extra energy for example in a sprint finish

Lactic acid is the by product this will denature enzymes and prevent chemical reactions taking place causing fatigue
Only a small amount of energy can be released in. Anaerobic conditions
What is energy continuum?
Term which describes the type of respiration used by physical activities
Whether it is aerobic or anaerobic respiration depends upon intensity and duration of exercise
Where does anaerobic glycolysis occur?
Sarcoplasm
Where does glycolysis occur?
Sarcoplasm (cytoplasm)
Where does aerobic respiration occur?
Cytoplasm (sarcoplasm) and mitochondria
Where is the Krebs cycle located?
Mitochondrial matrix of mitochondria
What is a coupled reaction? 
Energy required by 1 process is supplied by another process
Describe the function and purpose of energy continuum?
Describes which energy system will be used or most dominantl, this is dependent upon the intensity and duration of exercise
All energy systems contribute to exercise but some will be more dominant
Give an example of energy continuum?
100m is highly explosive, short duration and lasts around 10 seconds
So the ATP-PC system will be involved most predominantly
What is the ATP PC /anaerobic glycolytic threshold?
Point at which ATP PC system is exhausted in energy sources and the anaerobic glycolytic system will take over
What energy system is used at less than 10 seconds of an exercise, give an example of this system?
ATP-PC system - 100m, long jump
What energy system lasts for 8-90 seconds and give an example of this?
ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolytic - 200m 400m, gymnastic floor routine
What energy system lasts for 90 seconds to 3 mins and give an example of this?
Anaerobic glycolitic and aerobic - 1500m or boxing round
What energy system lasts for 3 mins or more and give an example of this?
Aerobic - marathon or cross country
What are the properties of ATP generation from slow twitch fibres?
The main pathway for ATP in aerobic system
It produces maximum amount of ATP available from each glucose molecule
Slow ATP production, less likely to fatigue