Lesson 16

• Objectives of the lesson

  • Increase the list of English words you know
  • Discuss things with others using the newly learned words
  • Report to or share with others your research findings properly
  • Adopt the standard way of structuring your research paper
• Compare and contrast the APA and the MLA referencing styles
• Judge existing materials based on their application of referencing rules
• Carry out the proper referencing of your research paper
• Show evidence of your honesty and gratefulness to owners of ideas you included in your paper by documenting their contributions properly
• Structure or Format of the Research Report

  • Title
  • Abstract
  • Introduction
  • Method
  • Findings
  • Discussion and Conclusion
  • Recommendations
  • References
  • Appendix
• Referencing your Research


  Directing your readers to the exact sources of data or information stated in your report, particularly those in the RRL
• Referencing Styles


  • MLA
  • APA
• MLA - Modern Language Association/Humanities Style


  • Often used in literature, history, and arts
  • Provides bibliographic citation in notes that corresponds to reference number in the body of the paper
• MLA Bibliographical Entry


  1. Full author's surname and first name (optional middle name initial)

  2. Title of the book or periodical

  3. Place of publication

  4. Publisher

  5. Date of publication
• APA - American Psychological Association/Author-Date Style


  • Often used by researchers in the field of natural sciences and social sciences
  • Uses space and time, while MLA not much
• APA Referencing


  1. In-text citation (enclosed in parenthesis and found in the body of the text)

  2. Reference list (found at the end of the book)
• APA Bibliographical Entry


  1. Full author's surname and first name (optional middle name initial)

  2. Date of publication

  3. Title of the book or periodical

  4. Place of publication

  5. Publisher
• Activity #16


  • APA: David, H. V. (2018). Long-distance Education. Quezon City: U.P. Press.
  • MLA: Cruz, Jose M. Proposal Reports. Quezon City: Rex Bookstores, Inc., 2017.