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• Self-Awareness


  Psychological state of being aware of one's traits, feelings, and behaviour
• Types of self and identity

  • Social identity (group memberships)
  • Personal identity (idiosyncratic traits and close personal relationships)
  • Individual self (personal traits that distinguish you from others)
  • Relational self (dyadic relationships that assimilate you to others)
  • Collective self (group membership)
• Self-awareness


  Reflexive thought, realisation of being an individual
• Types of self and identity

  • Private self (thoughts, feelings, attitudes)
  • Public self (social image)
• Mindfulness


  Paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally
• Chronically aware - self conscious


  • Heightened private self-awareness leads to more intense emotion, accurate self-perception, adherence to personal beliefs, less stress-related illness
  • Heightened public self-awareness leads to nervousness, loss of self-esteem, adherence to group norms, avoidance of embarrassment, concern with physical appearance
• Self-knowledge


  Access to information about the self, self-schemas (act, think, behave, feel)
• Self development


  1. Control Theory of Self Regulation (assess whether goals met, test-operate-test-exit)

  2. Self-Discrepancy Theory (actual, ideal, ought self)

  3. Social Comparison Theory (objective benchmark in similar people)

  4. Self Evaluation Maintenance (upward social comparison, exaggerate target's ability, change target, distance self from target, devalue comparison dimension)

  5. Social Identity Theory (personal identity, social identity)

  6. Self-Categorization Theory (self-categorisation to groups, internalise group attributes, collective self, social identity)
• Self motives


  • Self-Assessment (desire for accurate and valid info, seek out the truth about self)
  • Self-Verification (desire to confirm what they know, seek out consistency about self)
  • Self Enhancement (desire to maintain good image, seek favourable info about self)
• Cultural differences


  • Collectivist cultures (interdependent self, connected with others, embedded in social context, represented in terms of roles and relationships, fluid and variable self)
  • Individualist cultures (independent self, autonomous individual, separate from context, focus on internal traits feelings, thoughts, abilities, unitary and stable across situations)
• Manifestation of cultural differences

  • Individualistic insults (Bruttone!, Che ti venga un cancro., Porco, Stronzo, Segaiolo, Vaffanculo te a 36 dei tuoi parente, Tua madr é puttana, Figlio di troia, A li mortacci tuoi.)
  • Collectivist insults (more focused on relationships and group harmony)