ROTC FINALS (map, soldiers, signal, rope,)

• Signal


  A means of transmitting information in accordance with certain pre-arranged system or code in cases where direct verbal or written statement is unnecessary, undesirable, or impractical
• Frequency


  The number of recurrences of a periodic phenomenon in a unit of time. The number of cycles per second. The unit is expressed in Hertz (Hz)
• Primary Frequencies


  • High Freq (HF) : 30 – 30 MHz
  • Very High Freq (VHF): 30 – 300 MHz
  • Ultra High Freq (UHF): 300 – 3000 MHz
  • Super High Freq (SHF): 3 – 30 GHz
  • Extremely High Freq (EHF): 30 – 300 GHz
• Amplitude Modulation (AM)


  A type of modulation wherein the basic waveform is made to vary the amplitude, or strength, of the carrier wave
• Frequency Modulation (FM)


  A type of modulation wherein the carrier has constant amplitude but whose frequency is varied in accordance with the modulating signal
• Antenna


  An electrical conductor, or systems of conductors, used to transmit or receive radio waves
• Call Sign


  Any combination of characters, numbers or pronounceable words which identified a communication facility, command, authority, activity, unit, used primarily for establishing and maintaining communication
• CEOI (Communication Electronics Operation Instructions)


  A series of orders issued for the technical control and coordination of the signal activities of the command. Also known as Signal Operation Instruction (SOI)
• CESI (Communication Electronics Standing Instructions)


  A series of instruction explaining the use of items included in the CEOI
• Characteristics of Communication

  • Reliability
  • Multiple Means
  • Speed
  • Security
  • Flexibility
  • Dispersion
• Radio


  • It is the primary means of communication for signal support in the tactical units
  • It is the most flexible means of communication and requires no fixed circuits be activating, extending or maintaining
• Advantages of Radio

  • Can span great distances
  • Speed of installation and can be integrates with wire system
  • Require minimum manpower and space for equipment
  • Provides communications across impassable terrains over which it may be impracticable to install wire
  • Retransmission can be used to increase range and overcome obstacles
• Disadvantages of Radio

  • Lack of security. It is the least secured means of communications. It must be assumed that interception occurs each time a transmitter is placed in operation
  • Radio operations requires common frequency, compatible equipment and common range
  • Subject to interference from the atmosphere, terrain and man-made sources
  • Subject to poor reception due to causes such as: Distance between two radio sets, Poor choice of location, Bad terrain (hilly and mountainous), Noise and interference, Poor antenna installation, Poor frequency selection
• Types of Radio Sets

  Portable – those that can be carried by an individual and can be operated while moving.

  Transportable – those than can be moved from one place to another normally by a team of men but cannot be operated while moving.

  Vehicular – those that are normally installed in vehicles and obtain power from the vehicle’s battery.

  General – can be operated both on ground and vehicle.
• Frequency Ranges

  The lowest to highest frequency in which the radio will operate

  • VHF (LB): 30 – 90 MHz
  • HF/AM (SSB): 3 – 30 MHz
• Operating Ranges

  • The rated range of the radio for planning purposes.
  • VHF/FM (LB): 8 km planning range
  • HF/AM (SSB): 40 km planning range
• Power Sources

  • Dry Cell Battery (BA-30)
  • Vehicular Battery
  • Generator
• Common Tactical Radios

  • URC 187
  • PRC 77 VHF
  • PRC 126
  • HARRIS TACTICAL RADIO RF 2310
• Radio Net


  A group of several stations working together in the same frequency
• Call Sign


  A combination of characters (letters and numbers) or pronounceable words that identify the facility or station
• Net Call Sign


  A call sign that identifies all radio station operating in a particular net and using the same frequency
• Call


  A method of establishing communication whereby the station calling transmits the identity of the stations called as well as his own identity
• Prowords


  Pronounceable words that have assigned meaning to facilitate transmission by radio
• Prowords

  1. BREAK - I hereby indicate the separation of the text from other portions of the message.
  2. OUT - This is the end of my transmission to you and no answer is required or expected. (Since OVER and OUT have opposite meanings, they are never used together.
  3. OVER - This is the end of my transmission to you and a response is necessary, go ahead; transmit
  4. READ BACK - Repeat this entire transmission back to me exactly as received
  5. ROGER - I have received your last transmission satisfactorily.
• Camouflage


  The military art of deception utilizing both natural and manmade devices and material. Anything you see to keep yourself, your equipment, and your position from looking like what they are
• Cover


  The protection from the fire of hostile weapons such as bullets, fragments of exploding rounds, flame, nuclear effects, and biological and chemical agents. Cover can also conceal you from enemy observation
• Concealment


  The protection from hostile observation. Anything that hides you from observation. Concealment does not protect you from enemy fire
• Observation Types

  • Direct Observation - observer sees the object physically with his eyes,
  • Indirect Observation - use of a picture or an image
• Principles of Concealment

  • Siting - nothing more than selecting the most advantageous position. discernible pattern
  • Camouflage Discipline - second basic condition for success. continuous, around-the-clock necessity and applies to every individual
  • Camouflage Construction - third principle for effective camouflage is construction. artificial camouflage is added
• Methods of Movement

  • Rush
  • High Crawl
  • Low Crawl
• Hand and Arm Signals

  • Change Direction or Column (Right or Left)
  • Enemy in Sight
  • Assemble
  • Halt Signal
  • Freeze Signal
  • Down, Take Cover
  • Increase Speed
  • Hasty Ambush, Right/Left
• Battle Drills


  Collective action rapidly executed without applying a deliberate decision-making process
• Characteristics of Battle Drills

  • Require minimal leader orders to accomplish a battle task that is standard throughout the Army
  • Sequential actions vital to success in combat or critical to preserving life
  • Applicable to platoon or smaller units
  • Trained responses to enemy actions or leader's orders
  • Represent mental steps followed for offensive and defensive actions in training and combat
• Importance of Battle Drills

  • Identify the key actions that the squad leader and soldier must perform quickly
  • Provide for a smooth transition from activity to another
  • Provide standardized action that link individual collective task with the squad
  • Require the full understanding of each individual and leader, and continual practice
• Kinds of Battle Drills

  • React to Contact
  • Break Contact
  • Squad Attack
  • React to Ambush
• Map


  A graphic representation of a portion of the earth's surface drawn to scale, as seen from above. It uses colors, symbols, and labels to represent features found on the ground
• Handling of Maps

  • Security (Turn-in, Destruction)
  • Care (Protect from water, mud and tearing)
• Orienting Map


  Map is oriented in horizontal position with each north and south corresponding to the north and south on the ground
• Categories and Uses of Military Maps

  • Scale (Small, Medium, Large)
  • Type (Planimetric, Topographic, Photomap)
• Scale


  • Larger than 1:75,000 are used for tactical, administrative, and logistical planning
  • 1:75,000 and larger are the maps that soldiers or junior leaders are most likely to encounter
  • Standard large-scale map is 1:50,000
  • Many areas have been mapped at a scale of 1:25,000