elimination

• DEFECATION - expulsion of feces from the rectum
• Alcoholic Stool - Gray, pale, or clay colored stool due to absence of stercobilin caused by biliary obstruction
• Hematochezia - Bright red color due to lower GI tract bleeding
• Melena - Black tarry stool due to upper GI Tract bleeding
• Steatorrhea - Greasy, bulky, foul smelling stool. Due to presence of undigested fat like HB-Pancreatic obtructions/ disorder
• CONSTIPATION - Passage of small, dry , hard stool or the passage of no stool for a period of time.
• FECAL IMPACTION - Mass or collection of hardened, putty-like feces in the folds of the rectum.
• DIARRHEA - Frequent evacuation of watery stool.
• FLATULENCE - Presence of excessive gas in the intestines. Tympanitic sound when auscultate. Caused by gas forming foods, swallowed air; can indicate infection if the colon
• INCONTINENCE - Physical condition that impairs anal sphincter function/ control
• HEMORRHOIDS - Dilated, engorged veins; internal or external. Caused by straining with defecation; pregnancy; heart failure; or chronic liver disease
• Adult - Fr.22-32
• Children - Fr 14-18
• Infant - Fr 12
• Urine produced at a rate of 60 ml/hr
• Bladder stores for about 500 ml/ more
• Residual urine: 50-60 m
• Void - detrusor muscle contracts and urine is pushed through internal urethral sphincter into urethra
• Anti coagulants - red color
• Diuretics - lighten urine- pale yellow
• Rifampacin - orange-red orange urine
• Elavil - green to blue green
• Levodopa - brown or black
• Polyuria - increase in urine or production of excessive amount of urine such as more than 100ml/hr or 2500ml/day
• Oliguria- production of decreased amount of urine such as less of 30ml/hr or less than 500 ml/hr.
• Anuria - absence or no urine at all
• Frequency - voiding at frequent intervals
• Nocturia - increased frequency urine at night; seen at elderly
• Urgency - strong feeling that a person wants to void. There may or may not be a great amount of urine in the bladder
• Dysuria - voiding that either difficult or painful.
• Hesitancy - difficulty in initiating urination.
• Enuresis - increased frequency of urination at night; seen at children.
• Pollakuria- frequent scanty urination
• Total Incontinence- continuous and unpredictable loss of urine.
• Stress Incontinence - leakage of <50ml of urine as a result of sudden increase in intraabdominal pressure
• Urge Incontinence - follows a sudden strong desire to urinate and leads to involuntary detrusor contraction.
• Functional Incontinence - involuntary unpredictable passageof urine
• Reflex Incontinence - involuntary loss of urine that is occuringin somewhat predictable intervals when specific bladder volumeis reached.
• TYPES OF CATHETER

  • straight or temporary catheter
  • indwelling/ foley catheter
  • three-way catheter