final

• What are the muscles of facial expression? What nerve innervates them?

  Platysma, Buccinator, Orbicularis oculi, Orbicularis oris, Zygomaticus major, zygomaticus minor, occiptofrontalis, mentalis

  
  

  Facial nerve
• Platysma

  
  

  O: Pectorals major and deltoid fascia

  I: Mandible, blends with muscles around angle of mouth, and skin of lower face

  A: Draws outer part of lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly as in pouting; depresses mandible

  N: Facial Nerve

  
• Buccinator

  
  

  O: Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible

  I: Blends with orbiculares oris

  A: Presses cheeks against teeth and lips; draws mouth corners laterally

  N: Facial nerve

  S: quadrilateral muscle

  
• Orbicularis oculi

  
  

  O: Medial wall of orbit

  I: Circular path around orbit

  A: Closes eye

  N: Facial nerve

  
• Zygomaticus major

  
  

  O: Zygomatic bone

  I: Skin at angle of mouth, blends with orbicularis oris

  A: Draws angle of mouth superiorly and laterally (smiling)

  N: Facial nerve

  
• Orbicularis oris

  
  

  O: Muscle fibres surrounding opening of mouth

  I: Skin at corner of mouth

  A: Closes and protrudes lips (kiss), compresses lips against teeth

  N: Facial nerve

  S: not elliptical has four quadrants

  
• Zygomaticus minor

  
  

  O: Zygomatic bone

  I: Upper lip

  A: Elevates upper lip and exposes maxillary teeth

  N: Facial nerve

  
• Occipitalis

  
  

  O: Occipital bone and mastoid process of temporal bone

  I: Epicranial aponeurosis

  A: Draws scalp posterior

  N: Facial nerve

  
• Mentalis

  
  

  O: Incisive fossa of mandible

  I: Skin of chin

  A: Raises lower lip and mentolabial sulcus protrudes and everts lower lip (Pout, doubt, disdain)

  N: Facial nerve

  
• Frontalis

  
  

  O: Epicranial aponeurosis

  I: Skin superior to supraorbital margin

  A: Draws scalp anteriorly, raises eyebrows, wrinkles skin of forehead in look of surprise

  N: Facial

  
• What are the muscles of mastication?

  Temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids.
• Temporalis

  
  

  O: Temporal bone

  I: Coronoid process and ramus of mandible

  A: Elevates, retracts mandible

  N: Trigeminal nerve

  S: Bipennate

  
• Masseter

  
  

  O: Maxilla and zygomatic arch

  I: Angle and rams of mandible

  A: Elevates mandible

  N: Trigeminal nerve

  S: Multipennate

  
• Modiolus

  
  

  Fibromuscular mass lateral to corners of mouth. 9 muscles converge here

  
• Medial Pterygoid

  
  

  O: Medial surface and lateral portion of pterygoid process of sphenoid bone; maxilla

  I: Angle and ramus of mandible

  N: Trigeminal nerve

  S: Multipennate

  A: Elevates and slightly protrudes mandible

  
• Lateral Pterygoid

  
  

  O: Greater wing and lateral surface of lateral portion of pterygoid process of sphenoid bone

  I: Condyle of mandible; TMJ

  A: Protracts mandible, depresses mandible (opens mouth), and moves mandible side to side

  N: Trigeminal nerve

  
• Which hyoid muscles are suprahyoid?

  DGMS

  Digastric

  Geniohyoid

  Mylohyoid

  Stylohyoid
• Which hyoid muscles are infrahyoid?

  TOSS

  Thyrohyoid

  Omohyoid

  Sternohyoid

  Sternothyroid
• Superficial group of back muscles

  Trapezius, Rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, latissimus dorsi
• Intermediate group of back muscles


  Serratus posterior superior

  Serratus posterior inferior
• Intrinsic back muscles (Deep group): Three Layers


  Superficial layer(spinòtransversalis group)

  Intermediate later(erector spinae group)

  Deep layer(transversospinalis group)
• Spinotranversalis group


  Splenius capitis, splenius cervicus
• Trapezius

  O: Superior nuchal line of occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spines C7-T12

  I: Clavicle and acromion/spine of scapula

  A: Superior fibers upward rotate scapula; middle fibers adduct scapula; inferior fibers depress and upward rotate scapula; superior and inferior fibers together rotate scapula upward; stabilizes scapula

  RMA: Superior fibers can help extend head

  N: Accessory nerve (XI) and cervical spinal nerves

  S: Trapezoid

  
• Rhomboid major

  O: Spines of T2-T5

  I: Vertical border of scapula inferior to spine

  A: Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapula

  
• Rhomboid minor

  O: Spines of T2-T5

  I: Vertical border of scapula inferior to spine

  A: Elevates and adducts scapula and rotates it downward; stabilizes scapu

  
• Latissimus dorsi

  O: Spines of T7-L5, crests of sacrum and ilium, ribs 9-12

  I: Intertubercular sulcus of humerus

  A: Extends, adducts, and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint; draws arm inferiorly and posteriorly

  RMA: Elevates vertebral column and torso

  S: Convergent

  
• Rectus abdominis

  
  

  O: Pubic crest and symphysis

  I: Cartilage of ribs 5-7 and xiphoid process

  A: Flexes vertebral column (especially lumbar portion), and compresses

  RMA: Flexes pelvis on vertebral column

  
• Obliquus externus abdominis

  
  

  O: Ribs 5-12

  I: Iliac crest and linea alba

  A: Acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion and rotate vertebral column

  
• Obliquus internus abdominis

  
  

  O: Iliac crest and inguinal ligament

  I: Ribs 7-10 and linea alba

  A: Acting together, compress abdomen and flex vertebral column; acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column, especially lumbar portion, and rotate vertebral column

  
• Tranversus abdominis

  
  

  O: Iliac crest, inguinal ligament

  I: Xiphoid process, linea alba, pubis

  A: Compresses abdomen

  
• Sternocleidomastoid

  
  

  O: Manubrium and medial portion of clavicle

  I: Mastoid process of temporal bone

  A: Laterally flexes neck to same side and turns face upward and to opposite side. Acts bilaterally to flex neck/ extend head

  
• Scalenes

  
  

  O: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

  I: Posterolaterally on ribs 1&2

  A: Elevates ribs 1 and 2. Lateral flexion, slight rotation

  
• Quadratus lumborum

  
  

  O: Iliac crest

  I: Transverse processes and rib 12

  A: Lateral flexion; lumbar extension; upright posture

  
• Psoas major

  
  

  O: Lumbar vertebrae

  I: lesser trochanter of femur will illiacus

  A: Flexor at hip

  
• What two muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm and what is their function?

  Levator ani and coccygeus

  
  

  Function to close inferior outlet of pelvis, support and elevate pelvic floor, support pelvic viscera and resist expulsive efforts of abdominal musculature
• Know manubrium, body and xiphoid process. Know jugular notch (superior), sternal angle between manubrium and body, xiphisternal joint (fuses with age), and manubriosternal joint

  
• What ribs are true and what are false/floating

  True = ribs 1-7

  False = 8-12 (11,12 float)
• What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae and why are they atypical?

  T1 = full articular facet superiorly and demifacet inferiorly

  T9 = demifacet superiorly, not facet inferiorly

  T10 = Full facet

  T11,12 = Full facet and no transverse process facet because floating ribs
• What is the only connection between axial and upper limb?

  Sternoclavicular joint
• Pectoral girdle and upper limb: joint structural and functional classification

  Diarthroses: Synovial joint