1.0-2.0

• Model


  An idea of something that can't be fully known or seen
• Geologists


  Scientists that study the Earth
• Earth's Interior


  • Crust
  • Mantle
  • Outer Core
  • Inner Core

  
• Crust


  Layer that covers the surface of Earth where all living things are found. It is a rich storehouse of minerals and fossil fuels. It is the thinnest layer of the Earth.
• Mantle


  First layer that makes up the interior of Earth; about 2900 km thick
• Outer Core


  Liquid section of the central layers of Earth; about 2200 km thick

  
• Inner Core


  The central layer of Earth believed to be solid with a temperature about 7000°C; about 1250 km thick

  
• Earthquakes


  Tremblings or vibrations of the ground, caused by the sudden release of energy that has slowly been building up in Earth's crust

  
• Focus


  First place that the rocks break below the surface in an earthquake
• Earthquake


  1. Sudden movement in the Earth's crust releases energy

  2. Movement occurs at the focus

  3. Primary and secondary waves originate at the focus and travel outward

  
• Seismic waves


  Shock waves caused by an earthquake

  
• Epicenter


  Point on the surface directly above the focus
• Seismic waves reaching the epicenter

  1. Generate the slowest kind of seismic waves, Surface waves

  2. Surface waves travel outward from the epicenter along Earth's surface

  
• Tsunami


  Water displaced by an earthquake
• Liquefaction


  Process of changing into a liquid-like substance such as quicksand
• Richter Scale


  Scale developed by Charles Richter that measures the magnitude of an earthquake

  
• Earthquakes of 2 or less are not felt, 5.0 to 5.9 create damaging shocks, 6.0 – 6.9 are destructive in populated regions, 7.0 – 7.9 are considered major, greater than 8.0 produce total destruction

  
• Volcano


  An opening in Earth's crust through which solid and molten rock, ash, and gases escape

  
• Dormant


  When volcanoes are not active
• Ring of Fire


  An area of volcanoes around the Pacific Ocean

  
• Lava


  Molten rock that flows out of a volcano
• Ash


  Fine, burnt particles from a volcanic eruption

  
• Magma


  Molten rock inside Earth
• Seismometer


  Device that detects the waves of energy that spread through the earth from the focus of an earthquake

  
• Surveyor's level


  Device that measure minute changes in the angle of the ground's slope
• Seismogram


  Print out of seismograph
• Weathering


  Process that wears down rocks and other objects
• Erosion


  The process that moves soil from one place to another
• Deposition


  Process of eroded materials being laid down or deposited by wind, water, and ice
• Mechanical weathering


  When rock is broken apart by physical forces, such as water or wind
• Mechanical weathering


  • Fast flowing streams breaking down rocks
  • Water freezing in cracks and creating potholes
• Wind


  Air in motion
• Chemical weathering


  When water in the air combines with chemical substances in the air
• Chemical weathering


  • Acid rain
  • Pop spilled on the road
• Biological weathering


  Wearing away of rocks by living things
• Biological weathering


  • Plants growing through cement
  • Animals burrowing a tunnel in the ground
• Sediment


  Silt, sand, mud, and gravel carried by flowing rivers
• Sedimentation


  Process of sediments being deposited on surface features
• Fluvial landforms


  Landforms created by running water
• Landslide


  Sudden and fast movements of rocks and soil down a slope