Bio Exam Notes

• connective tissue


  Can be firm, flexible, and elastic. Some tissue connects parts of the body together (tendons, ligaments)
• Epithelial tissue


  Semipermeable and serves as a protective barrier that prevents harmful materials from entering and allows materials to leave.
• Feedback inhibition


  The body's ability to regulate homeostasis by responding to a stimulus.
• Homeostasis


  The body's ability to maintain a stable, internal, physical, and chemical balance
• Muscle tissue


  Can be smooth, skeletal, or cardiac, and allows our bodies to move.
• Nervous tissue 


  Primarily found in the brain and the spinal cord but neurons, or nerve cells, can be found throughout the body
• Negative feedback


  feedback that tends to stabilize a process by reducing its rate or output when its effects are too great; Most of the body's responses are controlled by negative feedback and reduces change
• Positive feedback


  Loops encourage a response; amplifies change
• Muscle


  muscle tissue --> heart --> circulatory system --> vital system in organism
• specialized cell


  tissue --> organ --> organ system --> organism
• Hypertonic


  Too much solute in the extracellular fluid, causes water to leave the cell and the cell will shrink
• Hypotonic


  Contains too much solute in the intracellular fluid, the cell will swell, which can cause the cell to rupture
• Isotonic


  Solutions are ideal and homeostasis systems work to keep it that way, equal amounts of solute and solvent
• Concentration Gradient


  the process of particles moving through a solution or gas from an area with high concentration to an area with low concentration
• Concentration difference


  an average length of all paths connecting two points on the shape
• Bronchioles


  carry air to small sacs in your lungs called alveoli
• alveoli


  tiny air sac of the lungs which allow for rapid gaseous change
• capillaries


  any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arteries and venules (small vein), take waste produce away from your tissue
• hemoglobin


  a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
• Kinetic energy


  energy of motion all objects in motion have
• brownian motion


  the erratic movements made by particles in water
• diffusion


  the next movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area with lower concentration
• osmosis


  the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane
• down regulation


  the decrease of hormone receptors which decreases the sensitivity to that hormone
• up regulation


  the increase in the number of receptors which causes the cell to be more sensitive to a particular hormone
• reflex arc


  direct route from a sensory neuron to an interneuron, to an effector: rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli
• antigen


  a toxin or other foreign substance that includes an immune response in the body
• pathogen


  disease-causing microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa
• vectors


  organism that carries a pathogen but does not have the disease
• antibodies


  destroy antigens by "marking" for destruction
• lymphocytes


  small white blood cells that play a major role in the body's immune response
• phagocytes


  cells that ingest and break down foreign particles, pathogens, and cellular debris
• polypeptide bonds

  a type of bond that links amino acids together in a chain