cell & human genetics

• Level of genetics


  Cell and Genetics
• Cells are the basic building blocks of all living things
• The human body is composed of around trillions of cells
• Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food, convert those nutrients into energy, and carry out specialized functions
• Organelles: function & structure

  • Transportation across the cell membrane
  • Membrane Transport
  • Passive Transport
  • Active Transport
• Transportation across the cell membrane

  1. Simple diffusion

  2. Facilitate diffusion

  3. Osmosis

  4. Ion pumps

  5. Co-transport

  6. Endocytosis

  7. Phagocytosis

  8. Pinocytosis

  9. Receptor-mediated
• The cell cycle


  1. Interphase (G1, S, G2)

  2. Prophase

  3. Metaphase

  4. Anaphase

  5. Telophase

  6. Cytokinesis

  7. G0
• Mitosis


  Cell division process
• Apoptosis


  Programmed cell death
• Apoptosis


  1. Signal transduction

  2. Cellular adhesion
• General terms in genetics


  • Genome
  • Genomics
  • Chromosome
  • Autosome
  • Sex chromosome
  • Karyotype
  • DNA
  • Gene
  • Exon
  • Intron
  • Allele
  • Genetic code
• Nucleotide


  Building block of a nucleic acid
• Nucleoside


  Consists of a nitrogenous base covalently attached to a sugar
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms


  Single base sites that differ among individuals
• Mutation


  Change of the nucleotide sequence of the genome
• Heterozygous


  Having two different alleles of a gene
• Homozygous


  Having two identical alleles of a gene
• Hemizygous


  Having only a single copy of a gene
• Genotype


  Genetic make-up of an organism
• Phenotype


  Expression of a gene in traits or symptoms
• Gametes


  Sex cells (ovum and sperm)
• Somatic cells are nonsex cells