Carbohydrates

• glucose + glucose


  maltose
• glucose + fructose


  sucrose
• glucose + galactose


  lactose
• structure of amylose

  helical

  unbranched

  polysaccharide

  a-glucose monomers

  1-4 glycosidic bonds
• amylopectin structure

  branched

  a-glucose

  1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• starch structure

  spiral molecule

  amylose and amylopectin monomers

  found in plants only
• glycogen structure

  highly branched

  polysaccharide

  readily hydrolysed to release glucose as mammals have a higher metabolic demand than plants

  a-glucose monomers

  1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds
• cellulose structure

  long, linear and unbranched

  polysaccharide

  b-glucose monomers

  hydrogen bonds between chains

  arranged in microfibrils
• starch and glycogen as storage of glucose

  • compact -> stored easily in large quantities
  • insoluble -> no osmotic effect on neighboring cells
• function of glycogen

  energy store in animals

  higher metabolic demand

  readily hydrolysed due to branching

  excess stored in liver and muscle cells
• cellulose function

  main component of plant cell walls

  strength comes from the strong hydrogen bonds between parallel chains of microfibrils

  high tensile strength -> withstand turgor pressure
• glucose

  main energy source

  main substrate in respiration

  soluble and easily transported in the blood