2: Russification

• largest ethnic minorities in Russia

  Ukrainians (22 million), Tatars and Poles
• 1832 fundamental laws


  declared the Tsar was the absolute ruler
• by the 19th century, one priest in a Moscow suburb had...

  40,000 people
• commercial class


  1.5%
• peasantry


  82%
• Konstantin Pobodonostsev


  Tutor of Nicholas II as a young man, lots of influence over the tsar and Russia.

  
  

  Disliked liberalism and democracy, so opposed modernisation.
• russification


  the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire

  
  

  unionist identity stamping out all forms of minority culture.
• which region had the most natural form of russification

  the balkans, esp latvia which became a commercial hub

  - in riga
• where was russification the most violent

  caucasia, populist movements rose, georgians campaigned for independence and for an alliance with germany