sociology and history

• upper class


  a term for the economic elite

  owned large amount of money and land
• Lower Class


  manufactures with little money and lived in poor conditions.

  illiterate, poor, long working hours dictated by agricultural calendar, violent.
• Gender in Pre-Industrial Britain

  men had higher participation rates, due to the violent nature

  women took part in ball and bat games
• social class in Pre-Industrial Britain


  the upper class wagered and bet on the lower class, they took on the role of spectators.

  the lower class participated in the games.
• education in Pre-Industrial Britain

  the lower class were illiterate because of the lack of an education, therefore the game had simple rules, which were easy to understand.

  they varied from place to place due to their inability to write them down, and have codified rules.
• time in Pre-Industrial Britain


  the long working hours 15 hour days, lead to occasional sporting events. E.g shrove Tuesday.

  sports were on holidays, festivals or holy days.
• transport in Pre-Industrial Britain


  due to the lack of transport games were local.
• Law and Order in Pre-Industrial Britain


  cruel and harsh living conditions were replicated in the violent nature of popular recreation
• Characteristics of Popular recreation

  - violent

  - local

  - rural

  - irregular

  - large teams

  - lower class participation

  - simple unwritten rules
• Characteristics of rational recreation

  - organised

  - had a code of conduct

  - promoted fair play

  - considered to be respectable

  - exclusive to the upper class

  - played in urban environments

  -played in specialized facilities with specialized equipment
• Real tennis


  - game for the upper class

  - required expensive equipment and appropriated facilities

  - considered to be sophisticated

  - had set written rules

  - no assess to the middle class

  - fair play promoted
• Mob football


  - had no skill, rules or fair play

  - lower class participation

  - occasional games, played on holy days

  - risked injured, which prevented work and lowered household income

  - large scale games played with local villages

  - property was damaged due to violent nature.
• characteristics of sport


  - the use of codified rules

  - played by each of the classes

  - regular

  - fixtures and leagues were developed

  - officials were implemented

  - governing bodies rose

  - reputable
• transport in Industrial Britain

  the development of transport meant they games could be regional, national or even international

  the railway allowed teams and spectaros to travel
• Communication in Industrial Britain

  the improvement of newspapers and radio allowed for supporters to follow their team and keep up to date with their results and upcoming fixture.

  the increased literacy rate allowed for this.
• urbanisation in Industrial Britain

  rural to urban work, as factories were built

  they had less space to participate in physical activity due to cramped living conditions
• amateurs vs professionals in Industrial Britain

  the upper class were amateurs and the lower class were professionals

  the professionals were banned form playing in completions and membership fees kept the lower class out of exclusive upper class clubs.
• churches


  they set up their own teams to promote fair play and masculine Christianity. respectable forms of recreation in an attempt to improve moral functioning.

  they dissuaded participation in popular recreation
• the role of women in Industrial Britain

  there was a further decrease in the participation of women in sports as it was perceived as masculine and physical thus unsuitable for women.

  the lower class were restricted by disposable income and the rational recreation was seen as more socially acceptable for females
• HITFOR in Industrial Britain

  H - Poor health and hygiene

  I - Lack of income

  T - Lack of time

  F - Facility provision was lacking

  O - Overcrowding and lack of space

  R - Loss of rights
• The British Empire in Industrial Britain


  the spread of sports being played at home to the colonies.

  largely occurred as former public school boys took up leading roles within the military and spread the games that they had played in school
• Industrial Revolution in Industrial Britain

  at first it meant a reduced time for sport as the work hours increased and there was a lack of space.

  the middle class factory owners increased participation with half day Saturdays for more leisure time and setting up factory teams.
• National governing bodies in Industrial Britain

  Ex-public school boys developed NGB's which provided structure top with the sport and lead to codified rules which were standardised and the development of national fixtures and leagues.
• three tier class system in Industrial Britain

  the emerging middle class; clergymen and merchants who were given respect from the upper class.

  took part in modern development of sports through public schools and NGB's
• lawn tennis


  created by the middle class in 1874, as an alternative version of real tennis. not very popular with the schoolboys but was a great opportunity for women to participate in tennis.
• Association Football


  a game evolved from mob football with standardised rules. it developed as a result of the lack of space with teams, competitions and provided an opportunity for factory workers to earn money as professionals
• transport Post-war


  high speed trains and areoplanes allow for easy international travel
• law and order Post-war

  prosecutions for violent behaviour, this can be players or spectators
• time Post-war


  increased holiday and a 40 hour working week, allowed for more leisure time
• money Post-war


  increase in disposable income, more money spent on spectating and membership fees.
• class Post-war


  there is no clear split between amateurism and professionalism, in class participation.

  there is still a perception of sports and class association, e.g lower class football and upper class horse riding.
• Gender Post-war


  increase of female role models

  and coverage of women in sports, causing a rise in participation.
• education Post-war


  physical education became compulsory in schools.

  helping educate those the importance of exercise, and the risks associated with not participating.
• Women in football Post-war

  case study

  - More women have been promoted as role models in the media

  - Received more TV coverage, larger crowds at live games.

  - More and more have become professional footballers due to more money in the game.
• Golden Triangle


  - Sports/governing bodies

  - Media

  - Sponsorship
• Sports/governing bodies - Golden Triangle


  - teams receive funding

  - successful sports teams provide a platform of companies to promote their products

  - reputation of sport/sponsor can damage the image if the other is involved in controversy
• Media - Golden Triangle


  - popular sports have a positive impact on the media by increasing viewership

  - sports covered in detail by the media can increase popularity

  - some sports can become less popular due to lack of coverage
• sponsorship - Golden Triangle


  - media coverage provides a platform for sponsorship to promote their product to a large audience

  - sponsors pay high prices to have adverts during popular sporting events
• disability - barriers


  - poor assess and facilities

  - negative attitudes towards disabled sports

  - lack of media coverage for disabled sports

  - lack of confidence

  - lower income

  - poor disability sport programs/coaching
• disability - solutions


  +providing facilities or equipment

  + educating staff and the public

  + increase coverage for disabled sports

  + subsidising fees for disabled sports

  + provide training for disabled sports coaches

  + set up national national bodies who can plan programs for disabled sports