Migration policy

• Migrant


  An individual who has resided in a foreign country for more than one year irrespective of the causes, voluntary or involuntary, and the means, regular or irregular, used to migrate
• Conflating "migration" and "migrant"
• Migration


  The process of moving from one place to another
• Migrant


  A person described as such for one or more reasons, depending on the context
• Types of migrants


  • economic migrant
  • irregular migrant
  • Political migrant
  • Temporary migrant (flows associated with the study of vocational training, business)
  • transit migrant
  • highly qualified migrant
• Emigration


  The act of leaving one's country to settle in another
• Immigration


  The act of entering and settling in a country or region to which one is not native
• Diaspora


  Migrants or descendants of migrants, whose identity and sense of belonging have been shaped by their migration experience and background
• Criteria for diaspora


  • Spread from its primary center to at least two peripheral locations
  • Group maintains a myth or collective memory of their homeland
  • Group believe that it is not-and probably it is impossible to be fully integrated in to the new country
  • They regard their ancestral homeland as their true home, to which they will eventually return
  • The group is engaged in maintenance and restoration of the homeland
  • Solidarity
• Criteria for diaspora (Rogers Brubaker)

  • Dispersion – voluntary or forced/ crosses state borders or within state borders
  • Homeland Orientation - real or imagined 'homeland'
  • Boundary-Maintenance - resistance to assimilation or unintended social exclusion

  
• Examples of diasporas in the past

  • The dispersion of Jews
  • Greeks
  • Armenians
• Examples of diasporas today

  • immigrants
  • refugees
  • community in exile
  • ethnic community
• Levels of diaspora involvement in development

  • Receiving information
  • Passive information gathering
  • Consultation
  • Collaboration
  • Self-mobilization
• Factors leading to diasporas

  • Economic - Chinese, Indian and Lebanese diasporas
  • Religious - Jewish, Armenian, Greek diasporas
  • Political - the Palestinian Diaspora
  • Cultural - African Americans, Roma
• Actual problems with diasporas include new diasporas, mobilization of the Diaspora, and rediasporisation
• Who is part of the Bulgarian diaspora


  • Bulgarian citizens of Bulgarian ethnic origin
  • Bulgarian citizens from other ethnic backgrounds
  • Citizens of other countries with Bulgarian ethnic origin, including former Bulgarian citizens
• Citizenship


  A tool for organizing the membership in a political systems and basic tool and mechanism for inclusion of migrants in the host society
• Types of citizenship


  • Jus sanguinis - right blood or citizenship by birth
  • Jus solis - the law of the land or citizenship by birthplace
  • Jus domicile - the right of residence and citizenship through naturalization
  • Jus pecuniae - right on the money
• There are five main reasons for the increase in dual and multiple citizenship
• Stateless person


  A person who is not considered as a national by any State under the operation of its law
• The causes of statelessness include the interaction between the fundamental principles for citizenship, the universalization of human rights, their international institutionalization, the women's movement for equal rights, changing interests of countries sending immigrants, and the collapse of the colonial empires
• European citizenship


  The right to move and reside freely within the EU, vote for and stand as a candidate in European Parliament and municipal elections, be protected by the diplomatic and consular authorities of any other EU country, and petition the European Parliament and complain to the European Ombudsman
• Borders


  Politically defined boundaries separating territory or maritime zones between political entities and the areas where political entities exercise border governance measures on their territory or extraterritorially
• New borders include visas, work permits, social, ethnic ghettos, and Islam
• The key source for the definitions and information provided is https://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/about-migration/key-migration-terms-1.html#Migrant