PI 2

• Non-participant observation


  An observation where the experimenter is separate from the people being observed,dont take part in the investigation
• Takao et al


  Females are more likely to depend on their phones more than males
• aim


  To find out if girls or boys depend on their phones more or less than each other
• IV


  Gender
• DV


  Addictiveness
• Directional hypothesis


  Takao et a supports the research

  Girls are more addicted to their phones than boys
• Operationalise IV


  Boys or girls
• Operationalise DV


  number of times someone picks up their phone

  5 or more times=addicted
• Alternative hypothesis


  There will be a difference between girls,who pick up their phone 5 or more time in 20 minutes,compared to boys
• Null hypothesis


  There will be no difference between girls,who pick up their phones more 5 5 times in 20 minutes,compared to boys
• Confounding variables


  How many notifications they received

  Phone battery

  Age
• Extraneous variable


  Weather warning on phone
• Strength of non-participant observation

  more objective,not part of the group

  more reliable
• Weakness of non-participant observation

  no special insights
• Independent groups
• Opportunity sampling
• Mean was used
• Bar chart
• Nominal data
• Chi squared

  • difference (boys and girls)
  • nominal data in categories
  • Independent groups
• Test-retest reliability

  • conduct research again on a different day and time
• Researcher bias
• Ethics

  • Confidentiality,everyone remains anonymous
  • Valid consent,fill out a consent form ad have right to withdraw
• Procedure

  • find a group of pp(equal amount of boys and girls) and sat around them but not with them
  • started a 20 minute timer and marker down every time a pp picked up their phone using a tally
  • After 20 minutes inform all pp they were being observed and asked for consent so the data could be used
• Evaluation

  • bigger sample,more representative
  • different time of day,people may use phones more at different times of the the day
  • different location,people may use their phones more or less while at college
  • Age,cant generalise as all pp were school students
  • IV wasnt directly manipulated by researcher,cant make casual conclusions