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Cards (16)
Heterolytic vs Homolytic fission
Heterolytic
- the
bonding pair
of
electrons
is taken by
one
of the separated
atoms
Homolytic
-
each
separated
atom
keeps
one
of the
bonding pair
of
electrons
Why is propagation of chlorine to form two chlorine radicals an example of homolytic fission?
One
electron
from the
bond
(pair) goes to
each
atom
/
chlorine
/
radical
State the trend in the relative ease of nitration of phenol, benzene and benzoic acid
-Phenol
most
easily
nitrated
-Benzoic acid
least
easily
nitrated
/
heat reactive
Apply your knowledge of the bonding in arenes to explain the trend in nitration of phenol, benzene and benzoic acid.
-phenol
is reactive because
lone pair
of
electrons
on the
oxygen
is
partially
delocalised
into the
ring
/
pi system
-the
-COOH
group in
benzoic acid
is
electron withdrawing
-therefore
electron density
is
higher
in
phenol
so is
more
attractive
to the NO2+
electrophile
/
ring
more
susceptible
to
attack
What does a curly arrow represent in a reaction mechanism
The
movement
of a
pair
of
electrons
Explain why (b) is the minor product of reaction between (cl) and (MAC)
the
intermediate
carbocation
in formation of compound (b) is
less stable.
What is the end point of a titration
The point during a titration when the indicator
changes colour
a suitable indicator should change colour near the
equivalence point
(pH range within the vertical section of a
titration
curve)
What is the equivalence point of a titration?
the point during a titration when the amount of
acid
is exactly equal to the amount of base (full
neutralisation
occurs)
when titrating an acid with a bae [H+] is
equal
to [
OH-
] at this point
Two types of reactions with ligands:
Ligand substitution
Precipitation
Oxidation number of Fluorine
-1
Oxidation number of Oxygen
-2
-1
in peroxides
+
2
when reacted with F
Oxidation number of Cl, Br, I
-1
can be
positive
when bonded to F or
O
Oxidation
number of
Hydrogen
+
1
-1
in metal hydrides e.g.
LiH
Define Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
the weighted mean
mass
of an atom compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of
carbon-12
Bohr Model
describes an atom as a small dense
nucleus
with
electrons
orbiting around the nucleus. This model explains different periodic properties of atoms.
Define relative isotopic mass
the
mass
of an atom of an isotope compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of
carbon-12
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