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    Cards (16)

    • Heterolytic vs Homolytic fission
      Heterolytic - the bonding pair of electrons is taken by one of the separated atoms
      Homolytic - each separated atom keeps one of the bonding pair of electrons
    • Why is propagation of chlorine to form two chlorine radicals an example of homolytic fission?
      One electron from the bond (pair) goes to each atom / chlorine / radical
    • State the trend in the relative ease of nitration of phenol, benzene and benzoic acid
      -Phenol most easily nitrated
      -Benzoic acid least easily nitrated / heat reactive
    • Apply your knowledge of the bonding in arenes to explain the trend in nitration of phenol, benzene and benzoic acid.
      -phenol is reactive because lone pair of electrons on the oxygen is partially delocalised into the ring / pi system
      -the -COOH group in benzoic acid is electron withdrawing
      -therefore electron density is higher in phenol so is more attractive to the NO2+ electrophile / ring more susceptible to attack
    • What does a curly arrow represent in a reaction mechanism
      The movement of a pair of electrons
    • Explain why (b) is the minor product of reaction between (cl) and (MAC)
      the intermediate carbocation in formation of compound (b) is less stable.
    • What is the end point of a titration
      The point during a titration when the indicator changes colour
      a suitable indicator should change colour near the equivalence point (pH range within the vertical section of a titration curve)
    • What is the equivalence point of a titration?
      the point during a titration when the amount of acid is exactly equal to the amount of base (full neutralisation occurs)
      when titrating an acid with a bae [H+] is equal to [OH-] at this point
    • Two types of reactions with ligands:
      Ligand substitution
      Precipitation
    • Oxidation number of Fluorine
      -1
    • Oxidation number of Oxygen
      -2
      -1 in peroxides
      +2 when reacted with F
    • Oxidation number of Cl, Br, I
      -1
      can be positive when bonded to F or O
    • Oxidation number of Hydrogen
      +1
      -1 in metal hydrides e.g. LiH
    • Define Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)
      the weighted mean mass of an atom compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12
    • Bohr Model
      describes an atom as a small dense nucleus with electrons orbiting around the nucleus. This model explains different periodic properties of atoms.
    • Define relative isotopic mass
      the mass of an atom of an isotope compared with 1/12th mass of an atom of carbon-12
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