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• Family


  Those people that consider themselves a family whether or not they are related by blood or marriage, they support and care for each other on a regular basis whilst also sharing common beliefs and values and goals
• Only child families


  • Only children appear to be brighter and more successful/ self-confident
  • Closer relationship with parent
  • More pressure and expectations for accomplishment
  • Child may miss out of growing up and learning forms of socialisation and the aspect of conflict- resolution skills with siblings
  • Wont have to fight for attention from parents
• Large families


  • Socialisation and relationship with siblings: building conflict-resolution skills and companionship
  • Rivalry and fight for parent attention
• Single parent families


  • Resulting from divorce, by choice, death of spouse or never re-married
  • Other parent may not have much involvement in the child's life
  • Less attention
  • Difficulties in interactions with other children
  • Lack in school performance and behaviour
• Blended family


  • Either parent brings children from a previous marriage with them
  • Adjust to different living experience
  • Expanded network
  • Loss of one primary parent and acceptance of a new one
  • Divided loyalties
  • Confusion of belonging and membership
• Same sex families


  • More responsive to child's needs
• Adoptive parent families


  • Due to risk of passing on genetic disorders, infertile, or at older age but want a family
  • Emotional stress
  • Feelings of abandonment and not knowing where they belong or come from
• Grandparent reared families


  • Sometimes grandparents step in due to abuse, emotional problems or physical illness
  • Emotional distress
  • Unusual behaviour/ may even suffer from depression/ anti-social behaviour
  • Grandparent are responsive to the child's needs and provide love and guidance
• Nuclear families


  • Most traditional and socially acceptable
  • Consists of: 2 parents (married or defacto) + must be heterosexual
  • 1 or more children who are biologically related
• Fathers


  • Unique contribution to child's socio-cognitive development
  • Rough and tumble
  • Self regulation and control
  • Encouragement to take risks
• Grandparents


  • Learn cultural knowledge and family and community traditions
  • Provide practical and child care support for working parents: reducing stress
  • In case of marriage breakdown/ problems they provide a more direct role in providing a responsive care giving relationship
• Siblings


  • Most enduring relationships
  • Source of connection and emotional support across lifespan of a developing child
  • Conflict- resolution
  • More common for parents to have fewer children: increase in single-child families
• Consequences of family conflict, separation and divorce

  • Ability to offer support and supervision when the child needs it most= not good
  • Conflict, negativity, lack of support and non-authorative parenting exacerbate (make it worse) the effects of divorce on children's adjustment
  • Father should maintain relationship
• Roles


  • Work
  • Household duties
  • Child rearing responsibilities
  • Major role is played by grandparents whilst they assist in raising the children and teach them about the families cultural traditions
• Responsibilities


  • Protect child from harm
  • Provide food, shelter etc
  • Financially support your child
  • Provide safety, medical care and education
• Principles of Development


  • Hereditary and environment (nature versus nurture)
  • Cephalocaudal and proximodistal
  • Simple to complex
  • Rate of growth and development varies
  • Critical periods
  • Predictable sequence
  • Laying foundations with each stage and area of development
• Growth


  • Biological and refers to genetic characteristics
  • Has measurable characteristics eg. Height, weight, age
  • An infant grows rapidly after birth for the first 2 years after this the rate decreases and becomes slower until adolescence when they experience another growth spurt
  • Growth can be affected by premature birth, disease, poor nutrition or neglect in early childhood
• Development


  • A maturing process overtime that encompasses the emotional, social and intellectual domains and progress of young children through various stages referred to as milestones
  • Development in one area influences development in another
  • The process of development is in a sequence which all children will go through
• Nature


  Hereditary or genetic background that a child has from biological parents eg. behaviour
• Nurture


  Environmental factors that influence development eg. childs diet, environment they grew up in, education they receive
• Cephalocaudal


  • Head to foot
  • The child will gain control of head then neck then shoulders then lastly their legs and feet
• Proximodistal


  • Centre to outwards (midline)
  • Infant gains control of chest muscles before arms, hands and fingers
• Sequence of Motor Development

  • Gross Motor Skills: refers to the infants control over large muscles skills eg. Running, crawling
  • Fine Motor Skills: is concerned with smaller movements eg. Reaching and grasping
• Domains (PIES)


  • Physical: physical growth and development and ability to control their muscles
  • Intellectual: involves learning skills, attention, memory and thinking
  • Emotional: child's ability to understand and recognise a wide range of feelings also expressing them
  • Social: child learns to interact with others around them
  • Spiritual: attitudes and behaviours towards others in society
• Factors Affecting Development


  • Technology: Exercise, Obesity, Brain, Blue light, Outdoor, Socialising
  • Social: Changes in family structure
  • Cultural: Background
  • Environmental: Diverse environment, Costal, Desert, Urban, Remote
  • Economic: Income, Security
• Accessibility


  Keeps kids on phones resulting in less exercise which may lead to obesity and a lack of outdoors may affect the brain in focusing and socialising with others
• Cost of batteries


  Cost of phone goes up
• Product, Service and System


  • Product- tangible product with physical dimensions that is made to fit day in day out requirements eg. Childs car seat or vaccine
  • Service- intangible process that doesn't have physical dimensions and is used from day to day eg. Australian immunisation register
  • System- set of procedures in which something is done; an organised scheme or method eg. Medicare health care system
• Community Networks


  • Formal and informal connections amongst individuals and groups
  • Both work together for community to be successful
• Formal Community Networks


  • school, day-care, hospitals, GP's
• Informal Community Networks


  • volunteers, homeless shelters
• Type of family


  • Grandparent led: Grandparent rearing grandchildren WA, Voluntary donations and hampers
  • Single parents: Centre link and little buckets, Grandparent babysitting
  • Migrant (English 2nd language): Department of immigration affairs, Playgroup, social media (Facebook)
• Maslow


  Psychologist who developed a hierarchy of needs theory
• Piaget


  Believed that children's cognitive development occurs through a series of distinct stages from birth to adulthood. Each stage demonstrates a progression to a more advanced level of functioning. After a period of consolidation the individual progresses to the next stage.
• Schema


  Basic building blocks of knowledge
• Assimilation


  Application of existing mental patterns to new situations so they interpret new experiences and information in terms of our current understanding
• Accommodation


  The modification of existing mental patterns to fit new demands. Occurs as we interact with the world to fit the new information
• Equilibrium


  A state of mental balance when a child is able to use existing schemas to explain what that understand
• Disequilibrium


  Inability to fit new information into our schema
• Conservation tasks


  • Water
  • Coins
  • Cookie