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Cards (26)
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate
, the main
energy
currency of the cell
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Metabolism
1
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Cellular Biology with
Biochemistry
and
Microbiology
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Dr
Daniel Kelly
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Please sit in the
front
half of the lecture theatre....I will come
and move you
!
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Metabolism 1
Understand the fate of
glucose
and how this is dependent upon
energy
status
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Metabolism 1
1. Describe the role of
glycolysis
in
glucose
metabolism and cellular energy production
2. Highlight the principle stages of
glycolysis
and the
regulatory checkpoints
3. Describe gluconeogenesis and how it is not just a
reversal
of
glycolysis
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Key molecules
Protein
Amino Acids
Carbohydrates
Glucose
Fat
Fatty Acids
ATP
Glycolysis
β-oxidation
Amino Acid Metabolism
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Glucose
The fate of glucose is dependent upon
cellular energy status
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Glucose metabolism
GLUT
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Glycogen
Glycogen
synthase
Glycolysis
G6P Dehydrogenase
6-P-Gluconolactone
6-P-Gluconate
Ribolose-5P
Nucleotide
synthesis
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
Mitochondria
Glycogenesis
Fatty acid
synthesis
Pyruvate
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Glycolysis steps
Glucose
6-phosphate
Fructose
6-phosphate
Fructose
1, 6-bisphosphate
Glyceradehyde 3-phosphate (
GAP
)
Dihydroxyacetone
phosphate
1
,
3-Bisphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate
Phosphoenolpyruvate
Pyruvate
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Glycolysis enzymes
Hexokinase
Phosphoglucose isomerase
Phosphofructokinase
Aldose
Triose phosphate isomerase
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Phosphoglycerate kinase
Phosphoglycerate mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate kinase
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Isomerisation
The process by which one molecule is
transformed
into another molecule which has exactly the
same
atoms, but the atoms have a different arrangement
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Glycolysis stages
1.
Investment
2.
Cleavage
3.
Energy Harvest
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Glycolysis produces a net of
2 ATP
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Mutase
An enzyme of the
isomerase
class that catalyzes the
shifting
of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule
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Glycolysis
has
10
steps
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Regulation
in
glycolysis
Regulation
occurs at the most important control site in mammalian glycolysis, which is regulated by AMP and pH. Why AMP and not ADP?
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Some ATP is salvaged from
ADP
in
glycolysis
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Product level
inhibition
Occurs in
glycolysis
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Pyruvate metabolism
1. Pyruvate dehydrogenase converts
pyruvate
to
acetyl CoA
2. Lactate dehydrogenase converts
pyruvate
to
lactate
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Gluconeogenesis
Converts
pyruvate
to
glucose
, but is not just a reversal of glycolysis
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Gluconeogenesis
only occurs in hepatic cells (and to a lesser extent
kidney
)
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Gluconeogenesis steps
1.
Phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxykinase
2. Pyruvate to
malate
to
oxaloacetate
3. Pyruvate
carboxylase
4. Malate
dehydrogenase
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6 nucleotide triphosphates are needed to convert
pyruvate
to
glucose
in gluconeogenesis
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Allosteric
enzyme regulation allows reciprocal regulation of
glycolysis
and gluconeogenesis
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