GROUP 1

• metabolism


  occurs through a series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that constitute metabolic pathways.
• intermediary metabolism


  combined activities of all the metabolic pathways that interconvert precursors, metabolites, and products of low molecular weight
• catabolism


  a degradative phase of metabolism in which organic nutrient molecules are converted into smaller, simpler end products
• anabolism


  small, , simple precursors are built up into larger and more complex molecule
• adenosine triphosphate 


  is crucial for cell functions like growth, division, and maintenance, involving metabolic energy for building macromolecules and chemical energy in monomers
• glycolysis


  first stage of glucose metabolism where one molecule of glucose is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, which eventually gives rise to two molecules of pyruvate
• citric acid cycle


  the gateway to the aerobic metabolism of any molecule that can be transformed into an acetyl group or dicarboxylic acid
• electron transport chain


  is responsible for the oxidative phosphorylation process that stores free energy
• oxidative phosphorylation 


  a complex process in mitochondria where ATP is formed by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2
• energy production


  ATP is synthesized during cellular respiration, which occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION


  Glucose and oxygen are converted into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
• cellular coenzymes


  are involved in a wide range of cellular processes, including metabolism, DNA synthesis, and signaling pathways. They often function as cofactors for enzymes, assisting in catalyzing specific biochemical reactions within cells.
• coenzyme a


  serves as a carrier of acyl groups in fatty acid metabolism and the citric acid cycle
• thiamine pyrophosphate 


  acts as a cofactor for enzymes involved in decarboxylation reactions
• pyridoxal phosphate


  functions as a cofactor in amino acid metabolism, facilitating amino group transfer reactions
• energy coenzymes


  are involved in the transfer and utilization of energy within cells, particularly in processes like glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. They participate in redox reactions, carrying high-energy electrons and facilitating the synthesis of ATP, the primary energy currency of cells.
• NAD+ and FAD


  function as carriers of electrons, accepting and donating them during metabolic reactions to generate ATP through oxidative phosphorylation.
• cellular redox coenzymes


  are involved in oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions within cells, which are essential for maintaining cellular redox balance and regulating metabolic pathways. They facilitate the transfer of electrons between molecules, enabling the conversion of energy from one form to another.
• glutathione


  is a tripeptide composed of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, which serves as a key antioxidant in cells, protecting against oxidative stress by scavenging reactive oxygen species