Cardiovascular System

• X- aorta Y- pulmonary vein.

  
• artia - relax top relax bottom ventricles- contract top and relax bottom

  
• • caffeine increases cardiac outputbecause heart rate is increasedcaffeine is a stimulant.

  
• -intercostal muscles contract-ribs move up-diaphragm contracts-moves down

  
• • 1.- Blood pressure drops as it gets near arterioles2.- when the pressure is decreasing it is because the ventricles are relaxing.

  
• Difference- their reading for (Y) Y minus their reading for Z can be between 30 to 38 Z can be between 14 to 18 difference can be any value between 12 and 24 = x100 any number between 40 to 64

  
• • -right ventricle has less muscleso less pressure when it contracts.

  
• • blood is typed, or classified, according to the presence or absence of certain markersantigens are found on red blood cellsantigens on each type of blood are different.O has no antigensAB has both types of antigen A has A antigens, B has B antigens

  
• • no antigens in don or so no reaction antibodies-no D antigen in O -ve blood