Domain Archaea and Bacteria, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles
Eukaryotic
Domain Eukarya, membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
Endomembrane System
Set of organelles and membranes involved in the production, modification, or delivery of lipids and proteins
Cytoskeleton
Maintains cell structure and anchors organelles in place
Allows movement of vesicles and cytoplasm
Allows cell movement
Keeps some organelles in place
Components of Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Narrowest diameter (7 nm), two strands of actin protein chains that interact with myosin proteins, allows cell to change shape and move
Intermediate filaments
Intertwined protein fibers, 8-10 nm diameter, maintains cell structure and anchors organelles in place
Microtubules
Hollow tubes of globulin proteins, 25 nm diameter, pulls chromosomes apart during cell division, acts as tracks to drive vesicles along
Cell Membrane Components
Phospholipid
Cholesterol
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
Carbohydrates
Fluid Mosaic Model
Describes the cell membrane as a mosaic of phospholipids, proteins, and attached carbohydrates, which give the membrane its structure and fluid-like characteristics
Methods of Transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated transport/diffusion
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis and potocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Diffusion
Passive movement of solutes from lower concentration to higher concentration (down the concentration gradient)
Osmosis
Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane until concentrations are equalized
Facilitated transport
Passive transport for polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, carried out with the help of transport proteins
Primary Active Transport
Requires energy (usually ATP) and involves transport proteins, ATP binds to a protein to allow the transfer of a substance
Secondary Active Transport (Co-Transport)
Uses the potential energy from going down the concentration gradient to transport molecules
Bulk Transport
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Exocytosis
ExtracellularMatrix (ECM)
Network of collagen and carbohydrate fibers found outside the cell, keeps cells together to form a tissue and facilitates cell communication
Types of Intercellular Junctions
Tight junctions
Gap junctions
Desmosomes
Plasmodesmata
Cellular Respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. Pyruvate Oxidation
3. Citric Acid Cycle
4. Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electron Transport Chain
Anaerobicrespiration
Uses other molecules other than oxygen for the electron transport chain, includes lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation
Life Functions
Metabolism
Reproduction
Anaerobic respiration
Uses other molecules other than oxygen for the electron transport chain
Lactic acid fermentation
1. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
2. Allows for NAD+ regeneration
Alcohol fermentation
Allows for NAD+ regeneration
Common life functions
Metabolism
Reproduction
Responsiveness / Sensitivity
Movement
Development
Homeostasis
Excretion
Nutrition
Metabolism
Undertaking of essential chemical reactions that involve combining simple molecules to form a complex substance (anabolism) and breaking down complex substances into simpler molecules (catabolism)
Asexual Reproduction
One parent organism can reproduce by itself without the use of sex cells
Asexual Reproduction
Budding - a bud grows and detaches out of a parent that eventually becomes another organism (sponge)
Sexual Reproduction
Two parents organism reproduce by the union of their sex cells (egg cell and sperm cell) in a process called fertilization
Photosynthesis
1. Light-Dependent Reaction
2. Light-Independent Reaction
Shoot system
All parts above ground
Root system
All parts underground
Tissues
Meristematic tissues/meristems
Permanent tissues
Meristematic tissues/meristems
Constantly dividing cells that can specialize
Permanent tissues
No longer constantly dividing; differentiated into three categories