Biology

Subdecks (3)

Cards (111)

  • Prokaryotic
    Domain Archaea and Bacteria, no membrane-bound nucleus or organelles
  • Eukaryotic
    Domain Eukarya, membrane-bound nucleus and organelles
  • Endomembrane System

    Set of organelles and membranes involved in the production, modification, or delivery of lipids and proteins
  • Cytoskeleton
    • Maintains cell structure and anchors organelles in place
    • Allows movement of vesicles and cytoplasm
    • Allows cell movement
    • Keeps some organelles in place
  • Components of Cytoskeleton
    • Microfilaments
    • Intermediate filaments
    • Microtubules
  • Microfilaments
    Narrowest diameter (7 nm), two strands of actin protein chains that interact with myosin proteins, allows cell to change shape and move
  • Intermediate filaments
    Intertwined protein fibers, 8-10 nm diameter, maintains cell structure and anchors organelles in place
  • Microtubules
    Hollow tubes of globulin proteins, 25 nm diameter, pulls chromosomes apart during cell division, acts as tracks to drive vesicles along
  • Cell Membrane Components
    • Phospholipid
    • Cholesterol
    • Integral proteins
    • Peripheral proteins
    • Carbohydrates
  • Fluid Mosaic Model
    Describes the cell membrane as a mosaic of phospholipids, proteins, and attached carbohydrates, which give the membrane its structure and fluid-like characteristics
  • Methods of Transport
    • Diffusion
    • Osmosis
    • Facilitated transport/diffusion
    • Primary active transport
    • Secondary active transport
    • Phagocytosis
    • Pinocytosis and potocytosis
    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • Diffusion
    Passive movement of solutes from lower concentration to higher concentration (down the concentration gradient)
  • Osmosis
    Passive movement of water through a semipermeable membrane until concentrations are equalized
  • Facilitated transport
    Passive transport for polar molecules that cannot pass through the cell membrane, carried out with the help of transport proteins
  • Primary Active Transport
    Requires energy (usually ATP) and involves transport proteins, ATP binds to a protein to allow the transfer of a substance
  • Secondary Active Transport (Co-Transport)

    Uses the potential energy from going down the concentration gradient to transport molecules
  • Bulk Transport
    • Endocytosis
    • Phagocytosis
    • Receptor-mediated endocytosis
    • Exocytosis
  • Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

    Network of collagen and carbohydrate fibers found outside the cell, keeps cells together to form a tissue and facilitates cell communication
  • Types of Intercellular Junctions
    • Tight junctions
    • Gap junctions
    • Desmosomes
    • Plasmodesmata
  • Cellular Respiration
    1. Glycolysis
    2. Pyruvate Oxidation
    3. Citric Acid Cycle
    4. Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electron Transport Chain
  • Anaerobic respiration
    Uses other molecules other than oxygen for the electron transport chain, includes lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation
  • Life Functions
    • Metabolism
    • Reproduction
  • Anaerobic respiration

    Uses other molecules other than oxygen for the electron transport chain
  • Lactic acid fermentation
    1. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
    2. Allows for NAD+ regeneration
  • Alcohol fermentation
    Allows for NAD+ regeneration
  • Common life functions
    • Metabolism
    • Reproduction
    • Responsiveness / Sensitivity
    • Movement
    • Development
    • Homeostasis
    • Excretion
    • Nutrition
  • Metabolism
    Undertaking of essential chemical reactions that involve combining simple molecules to form a complex substance (anabolism) and breaking down complex substances into simpler molecules (catabolism)
  • Asexual Reproduction

    One parent organism can reproduce by itself without the use of sex cells
  • Asexual Reproduction
    • Budding - a bud grows and detaches out of a parent that eventually becomes another organism (sponge)
  • Sexual Reproduction
    Two parents organism reproduce by the union of their sex cells (egg cell and sperm cell) in a process called fertilization
  • Photosynthesis
    1. Light-Dependent Reaction
    2. Light-Independent Reaction
  • Shoot system
    • All parts above ground
  • Root system
    • All parts underground
  • Tissues
    • Meristematic tissues/meristems
    • Permanent tissues
  • Meristematic tissues/meristems
    Constantly dividing cells that can specialize
  • Permanent tissues
    No longer constantly dividing; differentiated into three categories
  • Primary Growth
    Apical meristems make the plant taller/longer
  • Secondary Growth
    1. Lateral meristems make the stem thicker/wider
    2. Secondary xylem/phloem from vascular cambium
    3. Cork from cork cambium
  • Leaves
    • Parts
    • Venation Patterns
    • Phyllotaxy (leaf arrangement)
    • Cross-section
  • Mesophyll cells

    Contain many chloroplasts