Miscellaneous Agents

• Volatile substances that produce chemical vapors that

  can be inhaled to induce psychoactive or mind-altering

  effect or sometimes physiological effects, depending on

  the type of gas, its concentration and condition in which

  they are used.

  Inhalants
• This type of medication is administered to induce

  anesthesia, which is to control temporary loss of sensation.

  Inhalants
• Liquid that vaporizes at room temperature.

  Volatile Solvents
• Room temperature ranges from __ to __ degrees Celcius.

  20 to 25
• Paint thinners and removers, dry-cleaning fluids,

  degreasers, gasoline, glues, correction fluids, and felt-tip

  markers.

  Volatile Solvents
• Sprays that contain propellants and solvents.

  Aerosols
• They are used in the manufacture of aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials, as solvents, and as refrigerants.

  CFC’s
• Spray paints, deodorant and hair sprays,

  vegetable oil sprays for cooking, and fabric protector

  sprays.

  Aerosols
• Common in medical anesthetics and household products.

  Gases
• Medical anesthetics: ether, chloroform, halothane, and

  nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

  Household products: butane lighters, propane tanks, and

  refrigerants.

  Gases
• A special class of inhalants.

  Nitrites
• Act primarily to dilate blood vessels and relax the muscles.

  Nitrites
• Used primarily as sexual enhancers.

  Nitrites
• Layman’s term for Nitrites that are used as sexual enhancers.

  Poppers
• Cyclohexyl nitrite, isoamyl (amyl) nitrite, and

  isobutyl (butyl) nitrite

  Nitrites
• Used in certain diagnostic procedures and was prescribed in the past to treat some patients for heart pain.

  Amyl nitrite
• T or F: Some inhalants act directly on the peripheral nervous system.

  False; central not peripheral
• Professionals used ______ to differentiate them from other medical gas cylinders.

  Colors
• Universally recognized as a standard color for oxygen tanks, whether they are full or empty.

  Green
• In some circumstances, the shoulder of the cylinder is

  _____ and the remaining lower part of the tank is colored _____.

  White; black
• O2 is required for producing useful energy cells in the form of ___.

  ATP
• ATP

  Adenosine triphosphate
• O2 reversibly binds to __________ and undergoes this dissociation to release back oxygen.

  Hemoglobin
• It is used in the treatment of hypoxia and carbon monoxide poisoning.

  Oxygen
• Low level of O2 in the body tissue.

  Hypoxia
• Refers to sudden and severe shortness of breath, or difficulty in breathing.

  Dyspnea
• Is a type of treatment used to speed up healing of carbon monoxide poisoning, gangrene, and wounds that won't heal. It is also used for infections in which tissues are starved for oxygen.

  Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy
• HBOT have shown that oxygen supplementation can induce ______ ____ ____ _____________ in neonatal rats thus promoting neurological regeneration after injuries.

  Neural stem cell proliferation
• Are also potential targets for hyperbaric oxygen therapy benefit as their mobilization was increased in vitro which could facilitate the acceleration of recovery at peripheral sites.

  CD34+, CD45-dim leukocytes
• Standard color for CO2.

  Silver or Gray
• Used as a respiratory stimulant but are rarely used in acid

  base balance.

  CO2
• Other than O2, this is used for the treatment of carbon monoxide poisoning.

  CO2
• This gas is introduced into body cavities, such as the abdomen or the gastrointestinal tract, to create space and improve visibility for the surgeon.

  Insufflation Gas
• CO2 is used in cryotherapy in the form of ___ ___.

  Dry ice
• Is the local or general use of low temperatures in medical therapy.

  Cryotherapy
• Respiratory stimulants before and after anesthesia.

  CO2
• Standard color for N2

  Black
• N2 gas is also known as _______ ___.

  Purging gas
• N2 makes up the bulk of Earth's atmosphere at __._% by volume.

  78.1 %
• N2 is used to purge ______ from the packaging before it is sealed, creating an environment made of high purity

  nitrogen gas, which will also help preserve and protect the

  product during transport.

  Oxygen