KASAYSAYAN

• Sekularisasyon


  Kilusang humingi ng pagbabago sa loob ng simbahan laban sa mga pag-aabuso ng mga prayle at pagbibigay ng pagkakataon na mangasiwa ng mga parokya sa mga paring sekular na indio
• Ang mga pangunahing tauhan sa pamahalaan na Estados Unidos at mga kinatawan nito sa Pilipinas ang bumuo ng mga patakaran ng sistemang kolonyal ng Amerika
• Ugnayan ng mga sangay ng pamahalaan ng Estados Unidos ukol sa pagbubuo ng patakaran para sa Pilipinas
• Tax farm


  Government auctioned the right to produce, sell, or operate a monopoly
• Inquilinos


  Rent-lessors, rent out the land that friars wanted
• Pacto de retroventa


  Agreement of repurchase, the land was sold to the leader, who agreed to sell it back at the same price within a specified period of time
• In the last 19th century, the last galleon trade
• In the 1840s almost the 90 percent of the Philippine export came from the crop trade
• Before the 19th century most of the families grow rice and vegetables for their own consumption and to produce a little
• Only the significant revenue stream for the government was the tobacco monopoly
• Historian Alfred McCoy argues that the archipelago "emerged as a series of separate societies that entered the world economic system at different times, under different terms of trade, and with different systems of production." McCoy attributes this fragmentation largely to the fact that individual foreign firms drove the transition to commercial agriculture
• Aguilar (Gov, 1801-1806) attempted to institute accounting procedures for both secular and parish administration, improve local defenses, and develop provincial road links and public works to stimulate the economy. Attempted to institute civil oversight of the Church
• French invasion led to rise to liberalism, but was recovered by conservative monarchist
• The appointment of twenty-four Philippine governors between 1800 and 1860 reflected the alternating factions in power in Madrid. (Liberal – Conservative)
• Filipinisasyon


  Process of transferring governance from foreign powers to Filipinos
• Institutions established as part of Filipinisasyon

  • Philippine Commission
  • Civil government
  • Supreme Court
• These institutions were designed to prepare Filipinos for self-governance under American supervision
• Political parties


  • Federal Party
  • Independista Party
  • Democrata Party
  • Nacionalista Party
• The parties had varying degrees of support for American rule and envisioned different futures for the Philippines
• Economic policies under U.S. imperialism


  Controlled the local market, trade, immigration, and foreign relations to benefit American interests and integrate the Philippines into the global economy
• Philippine Constitution


  Drafted with influences from various countries, including the U.S., Germany, and Spain
• The Tydings-McDuffie Act required the inclusion of policies that ensured American rights and control over the Philippines
• Recto criticized the constitution as a copy of the U.S. constitution, but amendments were made to strengthen it
• The constitution was approved by a plebiscite despite opposition from groups like the Sakdalistas
• Education system


  U.S. established co-ed schools and women's educational institutions, with curriculum and instructional materials influenced by American educational policies
• Filipino oligarchies played a significant role in the political landscape, often collaborating with American authorities
• The peasant movement and the suppression of nationalist sentiments were significant aspects of the period
• The Philippine Commonwealth government was established, which had its own set of challenges and responses to imperialism
• The competition between Japan and America had a significant impact on the Philippines, with the Philippines caught in the middle of the geopolitical rivalry
• Unang Republika


  Pamahalaang Aguinaldo noong 1898
• Ikalawang Republika


  Pamahalaang Laurel noong Okupasyong Hapones
• Ikatlong Republika


  Pamahalaang Marcos
• Sa harap ng ganitong kalagayang panlipunan, titindi ang mga naging pagkilos ng mga kilusang bayan
• Komonwelt


  Pamahalaang Sergio Osmena
• Partido Liberal


  Pamahalaang Manuel Roxas
• Nangibabaw sa mga eleksyon ng panahong ito ang isang makitid na pananaw sa demokrasya (i.e., elektoral na demokrasya) na pinalala pa ng panghihimasok ng Estados Unidos sa pamamagitan ng Central Intelligence Agency, paglakas ng mga dinastiyang pulitikal, pagkakaroon ng mga pribadong armadong grupo, malawakang pandaraya at paggastos, at paggamit sa kaban-ng-bayan
• Naging isyu rin ang nepotismo sa panahon ni Quirino at ang kontrobersyal na "Blue Book" ni Harry Stonehill sa panahon ni Macapagal na nagpakita ng malawakang network ng korupsyon sa pamahalaan
• Cold War


  Ideolohikal na komprontasyon sa pagitan ng Estados Unidos (EU) at mga alyado nitong liberal-kapitalistang bansa, at Sobyet Unyon na katuwang naman ang mga awtoritaryan-komunistang bansa
• Sa takot na magkaroon ng "domino effect" ang komunismo sa Tsina noong panahong iyon, pinanatili ng EU ang mahigpit nitong ugnayan sa Pilipinas sa anyo ng mga "suportang" militar gaya ng Military Bases Agreement (MBA) at Military Assistance Agreement (MAA) (1947), at Mutual Defense Treaty (1951)
• Nagkaroon ito ng kaganapan sa pagkakabuo ng Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) noong 1967