Global systems and global governance

• globalisation


  process of worlds economies, political systems and cultures becoming more strongly connected
• what 5 factors promote globalisation


  1. flows of information

  2. flows of capital

  3. flows of products

  4. flows of services

  5. flows of labour
• Flows of information


  - spread of news events

  - money can flow electronically around the world

  - email, internet, social media

  - people in different countries can communicate

  - people can learn about other countries and cultures

  - countries like India provide IT services for HICs to outsource
• Flows of capital


  - Foreign direct investment (FDI)

  - can move via the internet

  - can send aid

  - HDE invest in LDE to take advantage of cheaper production costs
• How much as FDI globally increased since 1996


  $400 billion in 1996 now $1500 billion 2016
• Flows of products


  - in the past manufacturing industries in HICs and products sold where they where made

  - lower labour costs overseas means companies relocate production

  international trade in goods has increased

  - containerisation
• How much has the number of people employed in manufacturing in Uk fallen by


  5 million in 1985 but only 2.6 million in 2014
• Antarctica climate


  - area of 14 million km2

  - less than 166mm precipitation a year

  - average temp is -49 degrees celsius
• Where does Dyson have their production and manufacturing factories and where are dysons mainly sold


  moved to Malaysia in 2002 but primarily sold in UK
• How much of earths surface freshwater does it hold


  90%
• How much did the Uk import of manufactured goods in 2008


  £550 billion
• What types of plants grow in Antarctica


  low levels of biodiversity so mainly mosses and lichens
• Flows of services


  - in 1970s and 80s deregulation (to increase competition) and open up financial markets to rest of world

  - banks are usually international organisations

  - use ICT anywhere in world

  - banking

  - high level services e.g. financial services

  - low level services e.g. customer services
• What provides food for krill


  at antarctic convergence upwelling of nutrient rich cold water means phytoplankton thrive here

  This provides food for krill
• What are the 4 main threats to Antarctica


  1. climate change

  2. fishing and whaling

  3. search for mineral resources

  4. tourism and scientific research
• Flows of labour


  - people moving overseas (migration) for work

  - people move to areas where wages and working conditions are better

  - when people move they bring aspects of their culture with them

  - High speed rail network (HS2) and international airports like Heathrow allow people to travel

  - adds to shrinking world effect
• Climate change as a threat

  - warmer sea and atmospheric temps melt ice sheets causing icebergs to calve

  - sea levels to rise e.g. risen by 3mm a year since 1990s

  - affects migration patterns

  - species of penguin declined since sea ice is melting

  - decline in number of krill which is the basis for the food chain

  - ocean acidification which affects plankton
• How much did international migration increase between 2000-2015


  over 40%
• Fishing and whaling


  - disrupts food chain

  - illegal fishing

  - 2013 over 200,000 tonnes of krill fished from Antarctica
• How has technology created issues


  cybersecurity as leaks of sensitive information
• Search for minerals


  - large underground deposits of coal and iron ore in Transantarctic mountains

  - oil in the southern ocean

  - all mining is banned

  - however, demand for fossil fuels increasing

  - if we did exploit these minerals could cause oil spills, disrupt wildlife with machinery
• Global marketing


  globalisation has allowed buisnesses to promote, advertise and sell products on an international scale.

  
  

  - involves treating the world as one single market

  - adapts to regional markets as different cultural attitudes e.g. alcohol
• tourism and research


  - increases shipping and air travel to Antarctica

  - water and air pollution

  - trample on vegetation

  - litter and waste disposal

  - non-native species introduced
• Which two groups dominate world trade of bananas?


  -ACP group (African, Caribbean, pacific). Mainly small and medium sized producers on family farms and co-operatives.

  -'Dollar producers' of Latin America e.g Ecuador and Columbia, which are largely controlled by US TNCs.
• International laws to protect Antarctica


  - antarctic treaty

  - international whaling commission

  - UN e.g. UN environment programme (UNEP)
• What are marketing strategies used in global marketing


  - awareness of brand by creating a trademark e.g. logo

  - develop global awareness

  
  

  example: KitKat which is British company, but now popular in Japan so has changed marketing strategies to appeal to Japanese collectible culture
• Antarctic treaty


  1959

  - agreement how to sustainably manage the ecosystem

  - signed by 53 countries

  - Madrid protocol banned mining

  - no system to make sure people abide by these rules
• Who are the largest importers of bananas?


  EU and USA
• Economies of scale in global marketing


  cheaper to have one marketing campaign for the whole world
• International whaling commission


  1994 set up a whale sanctuary in southern ocean

  - there are catch limits

  - sanctuaries

  - commercial whaling ban

  
  

  
  

  However, countries can object and countries can exploit loopholes
• How much of the price paid for a banana stays in the richer country, and does not reach the producer?


  85%
• Who are the top exporters in agricultural products


  EU and USA but Brazil, India and China all in top 10
• Whaling Moratorium (1982)


  banned all commercial whaling

  - Australia and US have said that they think there should be better monitoring like having boats registered to be whaling boats
• What percentage of profit do workers receive?


  5-9% of the total value of bananas
• United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)


  governs the worlds environment

  - reports activity in Antarctica to UN
• What is the 'Great Firewall'


  Chinese government restrictions that block access to some Internet websites and can influence geopolitical events
• What percentage of profit do supermarkets receive?


  36-43% of the total value of bananas
• Why are NGOs good at monitoring possible threats in Antarctica


  they are not associated with any country and don't represent a country
• Single product economies


  Countries whose economies are almost wholly dependent on one or several products
• Who controls the banana market?


  In 2002 the biggest 5 companies controlled 70% of the market.