troubles at home

• background of religious matters


  catholic church was very powerful in europe with the pope incharge

  in 1520 Martin Luther protested against the corruption if the church and set up the reformation

  Henry vIII broke with the church in Rome and swung between Protestantism and catholicism
• E's view on religion

  was a protestant but was influenced by Catherine Parr

  did not agree with traditional mass

  she liked church decoration and music

  aimed for a compromise between p and c

  aimed to unite the country split

  took advantage of the wealth the church had to increase her power and control
• the acts of supremacy and uniformity passed in

  1559 and established an independant church of england with elizabeth as govener
• problems with acts of supremacy and uniformity


  catholics abstained from going to church but got fined a shilling a week as they refused to accept E as governor and still followed the pope

  Puritans were unhappy about keeping bishops and the vestments for clergy
• when were the 39 articles released


  1563
• what were the 39 articles


  deliberately vague rules for the CoE to be interpreted dif between Catholics and protestants in aim to blend both religions with ambiguous rules
• Catholic response to 39 articles


  set up catholic schools abroad to teach priests then sent them back to England to keep catholicism alive

  Pope excommunicated Elizabeth giving them the right to disobey her
• what was the new treason act of 1571


  punished anyone by death who denied E's supremacy and listened to the Pope

  anyone who left the country for 6+ months had land confiscated ( aimed to stop catholic priest return)
• Jesuit retaliation


  priests were trained abroad and sent to England to influence wealthy catholic families

  held secret masses through a secret network ( spearheaded by Edmund Campion)
• other steps taken to stop religious retaliation

  1572- puritan printing presses destroyed to stop pamphlet production

  1576- Mps could no longer discuss religious matters w/o permission

  1581- increased fines for recousance and anyone trying to convert to catholicism was committing treason

  1585- act against Jesuits to force them to leave England within 40 days to crush the underground network ( some became martyrs )

  1593- large catholic gatherings made illegal and freedom of movement was restricted to 5 miles to stop the spread
• Mary, Queen of Scots


  Elizabeth's catholic cousin

  Was a catholic queen in a protestant Scotland

  Married 3 times

  Fled to England and became a focus for Catholics to replace E
• What was the Northern rebellion?


  Duke of Norfolk planned to marry Mary but Robert Dudley revealed it to E

  Marched to Tutbury where Mary was imprisoned but forced to retreat by the army
• what was the northern earls rebellion?


  1569 Earl of Westmoreland and Earl of Northumberland rode into the city of Durham with over 4,500 men, stormed the cathedral and destroyed the English Bible and Protestant communion table. A Catholic Mass was then celebrated – an act that was illegal in England and Wales

  But many retreated after their plan got revealed and 800 were executed
• Results of the Northern Rebellions


  E strengthened her control by reorganising council of the north

  Privy council demanded Norfolks execution but instead he was imprisoned for 9 months

  Northumberland beheaded
• What was the Ridolfi plot


  Planned to get E assassinated and replaced by Mary by sending 6000 Spanish troops, led by Duke of Alba
• Results of the Ridolfi plot


  Ridolfi escaped prosecution

  Parliament passed a law stating that anyone planning to assassinate a monarch would be executed

  E signed Norfolks death warrant and was beheaded in 1572
• What was the Throckmorton plot


  1583

  Mary was planned to be freed from house arrest via a catholic uprising (including Jesuits and seminary priests)

  Throckmorton was placed under surveillance for 6 months then tortured on the rack and made a confession
• Results of the Throckmorton plot


  Throckmorton convicted of high treason and executed

  De Mendoza was expelled from England

  Lack of evidence meant Mary escaped again but Walsingham was determined to find evidence
• what was the Babington plot


  Mary was imprisoned in Tutbury castle with a strict puritan guard but she planned another plot with a secret correspondence with Anthony Babington. Letters were written in code and smuggled in and out
• Results of the Babington plot


  Walsingham knew about the letters and used Gifford to decode them

  July 1586 Mary wrote her assassination plot so Babington got arrested and he got hung drawn and quartered.
• Death of Mary 


  Placed on trial for treason and found guilty so insisted on execution by privy council

  Cecil prepared a death warrant in 1856 but E wouldn't sign until Feb next year ( asked it not to be sealed but was ignored by the council )

  8th Feb 1587 she was beheaded
• E's Reaction to Death of Mary 


  was very angry that her rules weren't followed

  banished cecil

  deflected her anger by claiming innocence of killing a fellow monarch

  Historians now think her grief may have been an act to banish Mary once and for all
• why was there conflict with spain


  E rejected Philip of Spains proposal which angered him

  Philip ruled many territories including protestant Netherlands so civil war broke out in 1566 which affected Englands cloth trade ( from N )

  Spain was the most powerful with their hostile catholic power

  Unofficially E helped protestant dock ships in Englands ports and allowed English pirates to attack and disrupt Spanish trade

  Francis Drake increased tension when he attacked treasure ships
• Why did the conflict with spain turn to war


  Courtiers like Walsingham called for military action to make formal alliances

  Spain signed with France which boosted their confidence and raised English fears of invasion

  Treaty of Nonsuch was signed to send 7000 troops to support Netherlands which made them formally at war

  Philip had already contemplated invasion when Mary died as Catholic Europe was outraged at the 'unjust murder'
• Spains strengths and weaknesses

  * had 130 ships and 2500 guns but drakes raid on Cadiz ruined ships which meant delays for a year

  * had 30,000 troops and a professional army

  * believed they had God on their side

  ? Had Duke of Medina Sidonia as leader but had no ability

  ? Large and slow galleons and short range guns
• England's strengths and weaknesses


  * raid delayed for a year which allows plans to get 20,000 soldiers

  ? No full-time army ( untrained ) and very limited resources

  ? only had 34 ships but trade ships became warships ( 200+ )

  * Lord Howard was a leader and an expert seaman who assisted Drake

  * John Hawkins had improved English ships which were small and manoeuvrable

  * had long range guns
• Spanish Armada battle plan


  - Philip prepared a huge fleet of 130 ships to set sail from spain up the English channel and on route would collect duke of Palma and 30,000 Nnetherland troops

  - When landed they planned to march to Llondon and expected english catholics to join them in hope to force E off her throne

  - wanted Philip in control and Cathoicisim reinstated
• Spanish armada of 1588 steps

  - July, were spotted at Lizard point which set of beacons to alert london

  - July, English pushed armada towards Calais by using fireships to scatter the crecsent formation

  - were chased as far north of scotland

  - August, E gave her rousing speech to her troops

  - Spanish struggled on their journey home through the gulf stream due to a lack of maps and many storms
• Aftermath of spanish defeat


  Philip humiliated

  National pride was boosted

  Protestantism was preserved

  England established as major naval power

  Philip launched 2 further armadas but both stopped by storms

  war put a huge strain on English economy

  War ultimately lasted beyond deaths of both Philip and E