NCMA219 W15b

• Contusion


  Bruise; damage to the soft tissue, subcutaneous structures, and muscle. The tearing of these tissues and small blood vessels and the inflammatory response led to hemorrhage, edema, and associated pain
• Dislocation


  occurs when the force of stress on the ligament displaces the normal position of the opposing bone ends to its socket
• Dislocation of the phalanges is the most common type of dislocation in children, followed by elbow dislocation
• A sprain occurs when trauma to a joint is so severe that a ligament is partially or completely torn or stretched by the force created as a joint is twisted or wrenched.
• Common sprain sites: ankles and knees
• Therapeutic management for sprain and strain: RICE

  • rest
  • ice
  • compression
  • elevate
• fracture


  A break or disruption in the continuity of a bone
• common site of fractures: clavicle, humerus, radius & ulna, femur
• COMPLETE FRACTURE - fracture that involves a break across the entire cross-section of the bone  
• INCOMPLETE FRACTURE – fracture where the break occurs through only part of the cross-section of the bone
• CLOSED / SIMPLE – fracture that does not cause a break in the skin
• OPEN / COMPOUND / COMPLEX – fracture in w/c the skin or mucous membrane extends to the fracture bone
• 3 fracture lines

  • transverse
  • oblique
  • spiral
• 4 types of fracture

  • bending fracture
  • buckle or torus fracture
  • greenstick fracture
  • complete fracture
• X-ray is the most useful diagnostic tool for fractures
• 4Rs of Fracture Treatment

  • recognition
  • retention
  • reduction
  • rehabilitation
• types of cast (fractute)

  • plaster of paris
  • fiber glass cast
• DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP 


  Condition in which the head of the femur is seated improperly in the acetabulum, or hip socket of the pelvis
• 3 degrees of DDH

  • dysplasia
  • subluxation
  • dislocation
• Three degrees of DDH

  1.    DYSPLASIA – mildest form; delay acetabular development

  2.    SUBLUXATION – largest percentage; incomplete dislocation; femoral head remains partially in contact with the acetabulum

  3. DISLOCATION – severe form; femoral head losses contact with the acetabulum
• Scoliosis is a lateral S- or C-shaped curvature of the spine that is often associated with a rotational deformity of the spine and ribs
• 4 common types of scoliosis curves

  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • thoracolumbar
  • double major
• cerebral palsy


  A common syndrome of movement and posture development disorders caused by a non-progressive lesion abnormality in the fetal or infant brain that results in activity limitations
• cerebral palsy


  Most common permanent disability of childhood
• 4 types of motor dysfunction

  • spastic cerebral palsy
  • dyskinetic cerebral palsy
  • ataxic cerebral palsy
  • mixed/dystonic cerebral palsy
• spastic cerebral palsy


  its affected area is the cortex and is the most common type of motor dysfunction (cerebral palsy) with 75% of the cases
• dyskinetic cerebral palsy


  its affected are the basal ganglia. It involves abnormal involuntary movements that disappear during sleep and increase with stress
• ataxic cerebral palsy


  It has 5-10% of cases. It involves muscle instability involving balance and position of the trunk. It has difficulty controlling the hand and arm movements
• mixed/dystonic cerebral palsy


  which multiple areas of the brain are injured.
• Hemiplegia – one side of the body is involved; the arm is usually more severely affected than your leg

  Diplegia – both legs are affected

  Quadriplegia – all four extremities are affected
• Congenital clubfoot


  a congenital abnormality in which the foot is twisted out of its normal position
• common foot malformation

  • Talipes varus – an inversion, or bending inward
  • Talipes valgus – an eversion, or bending outward
  • Talipes equinus – plantar flexion, in which the toes are lower than the heel
  • Talipes calcaneus – dorsiflexion, in which the toes are higher than the heel
  • Talipes equinovarus – toes lower than the heel and facing inward
• common foot malformation

  • Talipes varus – an inversion, or bending inward
  • Talipes valgus – an eversion, or bending outward
  • Talipes equinus – plantar flexion, in which the toes are lower than the heel
  • Talipes calcaneus – dorsiflexion, in which the toes are higher than the heel
  • Talipes equinovarus – toes lower than the heel and facing inward
• Types of limbs deformities

  • AMELIA – absence of entire extremity
  • MEROMELIA – partial absence of extremity

  PHOCOMELIA – deficiency of long bones with relatively good development of hands and feet attached at or near shoulder or hip (“seal limbs”