FINALS

• Folliculitis. Inflammation of a hair follicle, the sac that

  contains a hair shaft.
• Sty (or stye). Inflammation of a sebaceous gland that opens into a follicle of an eyelash.
• Furuncle. A localized pyogenic (pus-producing) infection of the skin, usually resulting from folliculitis; also known as a boil.
• Carbuncle. A deep-seated pyogenic infection of the skin, usually arising from a coalescence of furuncles.
• Macule. A surface lesion that is neither raised nor depressed, such as the lesions of measles.
• Papule. A surface lesion that is firm and raised, such as the lesions of chickenpox.
• Vesicle. A blister or small fluid-filled sac, such as is seen in chickenpox and shingles.
• Pustule. A pus-filled surface lesion.
• Infection of the middle ear is known as otitis media
• infection of the outer ear canal is known as otitis externa
• Swollen lymphoid (adenoid) tissues, viral infections, and allergies may also close the eustachian tube, especially in young children.
• Conjunctiva. The thin, tough lining that covers the inner wall of the eyelid and the sclera (the white of the eye).
• Conjunctivitis. An infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva.
• Keratitis. An infection or inflammation of the cornea—the domed covering over the iris and lens.
• Keratoconjunctivitis. An infection that involves both the cornea and conjunctiva.
• The URT includes the paranasal sinuses, nasopharynx, oropharynx, epiglottis, and larynx (“voice box”).
• The LRT includes the trachea (“windpipe”), bronchial tubes, and alveoli of the lungs.
• Lower respiratory tract infections are the most common cause of death from infectious diseases.
• Bronchitis. Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining of the bronchial tubes; most commonly caused by respiratory viruses.
• Bronchopneumonia. Combination of bronchitis and pneumonia.
• Epiglottitis. Inflammation of the epiglottis (the mouth of the windpipe); may cause respiratory obstruction, especially in children; frequently caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib).
• Laryngitis. Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the larynx (voice box).
• Pharyngitis. Inflammation of the mucous membrane and underlying tissue of the pharynx; commonly referred to as sore throat.
• “Strep throat” is pharyngitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes. Even though S. pyogenes is the most “publicized” cause of pharyngitis, most cases of pharyngitis are caused by viruses.
• Pneumonia. Inflammation of one or both lungs. Alveolar sacs become filled with exudate, inflammatory cells, and fibrin. Most cases of pneumonia are caused by bacteria or viruses, but pneumonia can also be caused by fungi and protozoa.
• Sinusitis. Inflammation of the lining of one or more of the paranasal sinuses. The most common causes are the bacteria, Streptococcus pneumoniae and H. influenzae. Less common causes are the bacteria, S. pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Staphylococcus aureus.
• Dental caries. Tooth decay

  or cavities.
• Dental caries start

  when the external surface (the

  enamel) of a tooth is dissolved

  by organic acids produced by masses of microorganisms attached to the tooth (dental plaque). This is followed by enzymatic destruction of the protein matrix, cavitation, and bacterial invasion. The most common cause of tooth decay is S. mutans, which produces lactic acid as an end product in the fermentation of glucose.
• The most common

  cause of tooth decay is

  Streptococcus mutans.
• Gingivitis. Inflammation of the gingiva (gums).
• Periodontitis. Inflammation of the periodontium (tissues that surround and support the teeth, including the gingiva and supporting bone); in severe cases, teeth

  loosen and fall out.
• Trench mouth. Necrosis of the soft tissues of the gums due to infection with fusiform bacilli (Fusobacterium nucleatum). Trench mouth occurs when there is a sudden overgrowth of these organisms on the gums following injury to the gums.
• Oral diseases such as gingivitis, periodontitis, and trench mouth are collectively known as periodontal diseases.
• Colitis. Inflammation of the colon (the large intestine).
• Diarrhea. An abnormally frequent discharge of semi- solid or fluid fecal matter.
• Dysentery. Frequent watery stools, accompanied by abdominal pain, fever, and dehydration. The stool specimens may contain blood or mucus.
• Enteritis. Inflammation of the intestines, usually referring to the small intestine.
• Gastroenteritis. Inflammation of both the stomach and the intestines.
• Gastritis. Inflammation of the mucosal lining of the stomach.
• Hepatitis. Inflammation of the liver; usually the result of viral infection, but can be caused by toxic agents.