russia

• % of Russians peasants in 1917

  80%
• What forces helped keep Nicholas II in power?

  The Okhrana (secret police), the Imperial Guard and the Cossacks
• Who were the opposition groups to Nicholas II in 1917?

  Social Democrats - Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Social Revolutionaries - Left and Right, Liberals - Oktoberists and Kadets
• What was inflation in 1917 and why was it caused?

  300% and caused by abandonment of the Gold Standard and printing excess money for WW1
• How many people on strike and where in October 1916?

  100,000 in Petrograd
• What happened to wages and food prices between 1914 - 1916?


  Food prices quadrupled but wages only doubled.
• By 1916 how much of their food and fuel requirements were Moscow and Petrograd receiving?

  1/3
• What problems did urbanisation cause in 1917?

  Overcrowding, disease, poor living conditions.
• Which bodies should have given workers a voice in government but didn't?

  Zemstva and Duma
• What and when was the Lena Goldfields Massacre and what did it lead to?

  1912, goldminers in Lena went on strike due to poor working conditions and hundreds shot by Imperial Guard - led to 3 million workers striking in the 2 years leading up to WW1.
• In what year did Nicholas II go to the army and in what position?

  1915, Commander in Chief
• Who did Nicholas II leave in charge while he was at war and what problems did this cause?

  Tsarina Alexandria, who was highly influenced by the disreputable mystic Rasputin who supposedly cured Alexi of haemophilia - rumours of scandal made Tsar look weak.
• What was the change in the cost of the war from 1914 to 1918?

  In 1914 cost 1.5billion rubles, by 1918 cost 14.5 billion rubles
• How many Russian conscripts in WW1?

  15 million
• What happened on 18th February 1917?

  20,000 workers from the Putilov steel works went on strike in Petrograd
• What happened on the 23rd February 1917?


  International Womens Day - tens of thousands of women joined strikers in Petrograd
• What happened on the 25th February 1917?


  Petrograd virtually in general strike as 200,000 workers join strike - Head of police, Shalfeev killed while trying to hold back protestors.
• Who was the President of the Duma and when did he refuse to shut it down?

  Rodzianko - 26th February 1917.
• What and when did the Duma become during the February Revolution and who was it led by?

  27th February 1917 - Provisional Committee, headed by Kerensky.
• When and how did the Tsar lose support from the army during Feb Revolution 1917?

  On 27th February 1917 the Volynskii regiment mutinied and on 28th February 1917 Krondstadt sailors mutinied.
• What happened on the 28th February 1917?


  Soviets formed the Provisional Executive Committee, the Tsar's train diverted by railworkers, Krondstadt sailors mutinied and Order No 1 declared Petrograd Soviets had authority over soldiers and sailors, not Provisional Government.
• When did Tsar Nicholas II abdicate?

  2nd March 1917
• When and by whom was Rasputin killed?

  December 1916, by a group of conservative nobles.
• How much did goods distributed by rail fall by from 1913 to 1917?

  30 million tonnes of goods distributed by rail in 1913, fell to 19 million tonnes by 1917
• How many working railway trains were there running in 1914 compared to 1917?

  20,000 working railway engines 1914, 9,200 by 1917.
• Population rise in Petrograd between 1914 - 1917?

  2.1 million in 1914 - 2.7 million in 1917
• How many went on strike in Moscow and Petrograd in January 1916?

  30,000 in Moscow, 145,000 in Petrograd
• What was the Dual Authority made up of?

  Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviets
• Why was the Provisional Government weakened from the beginning?

  No elected so lacked legitimacy, too cautious to act against social, economic and war problems.
• Successes of Dual Authority

  Removed Okhrana and created a people's militia, wanted a democratic Constituent Assembly election, created civil and religious rights, recognised trade unions and amnesty for the Tsar's political prisoners.
• When did Lenin return to Russia the first time?

  3rd April 1917
• Goals of the April Theses

  Abandon cooperation with other parties as Bolsheviks only true revolutionaries, overthrow Provisional Government, transfer power to the workers, all authority passed to Soviets.
• Popular slogans of the April Theses

  'Peace, Bread, Land!' 'All Power to the Soviets!
• When was the July Days?

  3rd - 6th July 1917
• What happened at the July Days?

  Large scale demonstration against the Provisional Government in Petrograd led by the Bolsheviks - chaotic and troops scattered them easily. Following this Kerensky became Prime Minister, Lenin fled to Finland and Kamenev and Trotsky arrested.
• When was the Kornilov Affair?

  August 1917
• Who was Kornilov?


  Commander in Chief of the Home Army in 1917
• What happened at the Kornilov Affair?

  Kornilov attempted to attack Petrograd with loyal troops, to save the Provisional Government from being overthrown and to disperse Bolsheviks and Soviets. Kerensky publicly condemned Kornilov's actions and fearing a military right wing coup, placed Petrograd under martial law, freed and armed citizens and Bolsheviks. Kornilov surrendered when railway workers would not operate his trains.
• How much did Bolshevik members increase in the Soviet by from June to December 1917?

  164%
• How many newspapers were the Soviets producing in October 1917?

  41