Chemistry Pathways

• Alkane to alkene (1)

  • Cracking
• Alkane to haloalkane (2)

  • X2
  • UV
• Alkene to alkane (4)

  • H2
  • Ni catalyst
  • 150C
  • 5atm
• Alkene to alcohol (4)

  • Steam
  • cH3PO4
  • 300C
  • 60atm
• Alkene to haloalkane (2)

  • HX
  • RTP
• Alcohol to alkene (2)

  • Al2O3
  • 300C
• Alcohol to haloalkane (2)

  • NaX
  • cH2SO4
• Haloalkane to alkene (3)

  • Hot cKOH
  • ethanolic solution
• Haloalkane to alcohol (2)

  • NaOH(aq)
  • reflux
• 1' Alcohol to aldehyde (2)

  • H+/(Cr2O7)2-
  • distillation
• 1' Alcohol to carboxylic acid (2)

  • H+/(Cr2O7)2-
  • reflux
• Aldehyde to carboxylic acid (2)

  • H+/(Cr2O7)2-
  • reflux
• 2' Alcohol to ketone (2)

  • H+/(Cr2O7)2-
  • reflux
• Aldehyde to alcohol (2)

  • NaBH4
  • reflux
• Ketone to alcohol (3)

  • NaBH4
  • ethanolic solution
  • reflux
• Aldehyde to hydroxynitrile (2)

  • NaCN
  • cH2SO4
• Ketone to hydroxynitrile (2)

  • NaCN
  • cH2SO4
• Carboxylic acid to alcohol (2)

  • LiAlH4
  • ether
• Carboxylic acid to acyl chloride (2)

  • SOCl2
  • reflux
• Carboxylic acid to ester (2)

  • ROH
  • cH2SO4
• Carboxylic acid to acid anhydride (2)

  • P2O3
  • distillation
• Acid anhydride to carboxylic acid (2)

  • H2O
  • reflux
• Ester to carboxylic acid (3)

  • H+/OH-
  • H2O
  • reflux
• Acyl chloride to carboxylic acid (1)

  • H2O
• Haloalkane to amine (3)

  • excess
  • cNH3
  • heat in sealed tube
• Haloalkane to nitrile (3)

  • KCN
  • ethanolic solution
  • reflux
• Nitrile to amine (2)

  • H2
  • Ni catalyst
• Nitrile to amide (2)

  • H+/OH-
  • H2O
• Nitrile to carboxylic acid (3)

  • H2O
  • HCl
  • reflux
• Amide to carboxylic acid (2)

  • cH2SO4
  • heat
• Amide to amine (1)

  • LiAlH4
• Amine to amide (1)

  • Acyl chloride
• Acyl chloride to amide (4)

  1. cNH3 and reflux
  2. RNH2 and RTP
• Acyl chloride to ester (2)

  • ROH
  • RTP
• Nitrobenzene to phenylamine

  • HCl
  • Reflux
  • Sn
  • then NaOH