Evidence and significance

• October Revolution of 1917


  Led by the Bolsheviks under Lenin, this revolution overthrew the Provisional Government and established a communist government. It marked the beginning of Soviet Russia.
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (1918)


  This treaty ended Russia's involvement in World War I, ceding significant territory to Germany.
• Representation of the People Act 1918


  Granted voting rights to women over 30 who met minimum property requirements.
• Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928

  Extended voting rights to all women over the age of 21, granting equal suffrage with men.
• Triple Entente (1907)


  Alliance between France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.
• Triple Alliance (1882)


  Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1914)

  Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne was killed by a Serbian nationalist.
• July Crisis (1914)


  Series of diplomatic and military maneuvers among European powers following the assassination.
• Battle of the Somme (1916)


  One of the largest battles of WWI, with over one million casualties.
• Treaty of Versailles (1919)


  Peace treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany.
• League of Nations (1920)


  International organization founded to promote peace and cooperation among nations.
• Hyperinflation in Germany (1923)


  Severe economic crisis due to war reparations and economic instability.
• Article 231 (War Guilt Clause)


  Held Germany responsible for the war and required reparations.
• Germany lost significant territories including Alsace-Lorraine to France and colonies to other powers.
• Dawes Plan (1924)


  Plan to restructure German reparations payments and stabilize its economy with loans from the US.
• Young Plan (1929)


  Further reduced Germany's reparations payments and extended the payment period.
• Manchurian Crisis (1931-1933)


  Japan's invasion of Manchuria and the League's ineffective response.
• Abyssinian Crisis (1935-1936)


  Italy's invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) and the League's failure to act effectively.
• Weimar Republic (1919-1933)


  Democratic government established in Germany post-WWI.
• Beer Hall Putsch (1923)


  Failed coup attempt by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party.
• Enabling Act (1933)


  Gave Hitler dictatorial powers by allowing him to enact laws without parliamentary consent.
• Night of the Long Knives (1934)


  Purge of SA leadership and other political opponents.
• Nuremberg Laws (1935)


  Anti-Semitic laws that stripped Jews of their civil rights.
• Kristallnacht (1938)


  Coordinated attack on Jewish businesses and synagogues across Germany.
• Wannsee Conference (1942)


  Meeting where Nazi officials planned the "Final Solution" to exterminate the Jewish population.
• Ghettos: Segregated Jewish areas in cities, such as the Warsaw Ghetto.
• Munich Agreement (1938)


  Allowed Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia.
• Non-Aggression Pact (1939)


  Agreement between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to not attack each other.
• 1. Day (1944)


  Allied invasion of Normandy, France, which marked the beginning of the end for Nazi Germany.
• Hiroshima and Nagasaki (1945)


  US dropped atomic bombs on these Japanese cities.
• Marshall Plan (1948)


  US program to aid European economic recovery.
• Nuremberg Trials (1945-1946)


  Trials of major Nazi war criminals.
• Hitler's Suicide (1945)


  Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin as Allied forces closed in.
• Battle of Berlin (1945)


  Final major offensive in the European theater of WWII, leading to the capture of Berlin by Soviet forces.