Science

• What is the primary function of mitochondria in cells?

  They produce energy through respiration.
• How do mitochondria contribute to cellular respiration?

  They convert nutrients into energy in the form of ATP.
• What are the adaptations of root hair cells for absorption?

  • Large surface area for absorption
  • Thin cell walls for easier nutrient uptake
  • Presence of many mitochondria for energy
• What is the process by which prokaryotic organisms reproduce?

  Binary fission.
• What is the significance of differentiation in cells?

  It allows cells to develop specialized functions.
• What is the role of digestive enzymes?

  They break down food into smaller molecules.
• How does active transport differ from passive transport?

  Active transport requires energy, while passive transport does not.
• What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

  Concentration gradient, temperature, and surface area.
• What is the waste product of cellular respiration?

  Carbon dioxide.
• Why is oxygen important for cellular respiration?

  It is used to produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell.
• What is the main purpose of photosynthesis?

  To convert light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
• How do plants transport dissolved sugars?

  Through the phloem tissue in the plant.
• What is the relationship between surface area and the rate of diffusion?

  A larger surface area increases the rate of diffusion.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  It regulates what enters and exits the cell.
• What is the significance of a concentration gradient in diffusion?

  It drives the movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
• How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

  Higher temperatures increase the kinetic energy of molecules, speeding up diffusion.
• What is the role of stem cells?

  They can divide and differentiate into various specialized cell types.
• What is the process of binary fission in bacteria?

  It is a simple form of asexual reproduction where a single cell divides into two identical cells.
• If a bacterium divides every 20 minutes, how many bacteria will there be after 240 minutes?

  There will be 1,024 bacteria.
• What are the key differences between active and passive transport?

  • Active transport requires energy; passive transport does not.
  • Active transport moves substances against their concentration gradient; passive transport moves them down.
  • Active transport is often mediated by specific proteins; passive transport can occur through diffusion.
• What are the stages of binary fission in bacteria?

  1. Growth of the bacterium.
  2. DNA replication.
  3. Division of the cell into two identical cells.
• What is the role of mitochondria in sperm cells?

  • Provide energy for swimming.
  • Contain many mitochondria for energy production.
  • Allow sperm to reach the egg efficiently.
• What is the process of differentiation in cells?

  • Cells change to become specialized.
  • Involves the development of specific structures and functions.
  • Essential for the formation of tissues and organs.
• The three main types of cells are plant, animal, and bacteria.
• Plant cells have a large central vacuole that stores water and nutrients.
• Animal cells do not have a cell wall or chloroplasts.
• What is diffusion?


  Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. It is passive and no energy is required.
• What are some of the adaptations of diffusion?


  1. Good ventilation and blood supply
  2. Thin walls
  3. Large surface area
  4. Thin membrane
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  It is where molecules enter and leave the cell.
• How does oxygen enter the cell?

  Oxygen enters the cell by diffusion from a higher concentration to a lower concentration.
• What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

  Oxygen is used to generate energy and produces carbon dioxide as a waste gas.
• What happens to carbon dioxide inside the cell?

  Carbon dioxide moves out of the cell by diffusion.
• What is urea and how is it handled in the body?

  Urea is a waste product produced inside cells and diffuses into the plasma to be excreted by the kidneys.
• What is the concentration gradient?

  The concentration gradient is the difference in concentrations of a substance across a space.
• How does the concentration gradient affect diffusion?

  The greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion takes place.
• How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

  The higher the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion.
• What happens to particles at higher temperatures?

  Particles have more kinetic energy and are moving faster.
• How does surface area affect the rate of diffusion?

  The larger the surface area of the cell membrane, the greater the rate of diffusion.
• Having a large surface area in diffusion means more particles can move through and there is a faster rate if diffusion.
• Having a thin membrane in diffusion produces a short diffusion pathway, allowing the process to occur faster