itp (lesson 1)

• Psychology


  Scientific study of mind and behavior
• Logos


  Study of
• Schools of Thought in Psychology


  • Structuralism
  • Functionalism
  • Behaviorism
  • Gestalt Psychology
  • Psychoanalysis
• Structuralism


  • First school of thoughts in Psychology
  • Introduced by Edward Bradford Titchener and Wilhelm Wundt
  • Method: self-reflective introspection (looking inward)
  • Focus on structure and process
• Functionalism


  • Functions of structure; reaction to structuralism
  • Influenced by William James
  • Method: Objective Observation
• Behaviorism


  • Psychologists should look at only behavior and causes of behavior
  • Pioneers: John Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Burrhus Frederic Skinner
• Gestalt Psychology


  • Looks at human mind and behavior as a whole
  • Whole is greater than the sum of its part
  • Pioneers: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Kohler, Kurt Koffca
• Psychoanalysis


  • Emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior
  • Introduced by Sigmund Freud
  • Major Elements: id, ego, superego (psychic energy)
  • Main purpose: unconscious; causality (cause and effect)
• Defense Mechanisms


  • Denial
  • Displacement
  • Projection
  • Sublimation (Healthy DM)
  • Repression
• 4Ds of Abnormality


  • Distress
  • Dysfunctional
  • Deviation
  • Danger
• Hippocrates was the father of medicine and categorized psychological disorders
• Diagnostic Manuals


  • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder (DSM)
  • International Classification of Disease (ICD)
• Alfred Adler


  Introduced the concepts of inferiority complex and superiority
• Child In-Conflict with the Law (CICL)


  Minors who commit criminal deeds
• Registered Guidance Councilor (RGC)


  Guidance counselor about academic concern, career guidance, can also do terms of personal but only less pathological, not pathological concern like suicidal attempts
• Registered Psychologist (RPSY)


  Deals with pathological concerns
• Process of grieving

  1. Denial

  2. Anger

  3. Bargain

  4. Depression

  5. Acceptance
• Oral Fixation


  If your childhood doesn't satisfy you. Example: Biting nails, Vape
• Neuron


  • Axons – carry the impulse away from the cell body on to another neuron
  • Terminal buttons – are responsible for communicating with other neurons
  • Nerve Impulse – a signal transmitted along a nerve fiber
  • Polarization – This means that a neuron is resting
  • Absolute refractory period – The neurons cannot be charged
• Development


  A systematic process characterized by a series of progressive changes leading to maturity
• Development encompasses only forward moving changes, excluding any regressions
• Factors of Development

  • Heredity
  • Environment
• Development


  1. Progresses through maturation

  2. Progresses through learning
• Heredity


  Passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes
• Gregor Mendel


  Attributed the Principle of Heredity
• Principles of Heredity


  • Reproduction having its own species
  • Variation
  • Chance
  • Dominance and Recessiveness
  • Sex-linked characteristics
• DNA


  Fundamental mechanism of heredity that carries the genetic instructions
• Sex Determination


  Sex of offspring is determined by the chromosomes of the parents
• Principles of Development


  • Development is orderly and follows a sequential pattern which is predictable
  • Cephalo-caudal develops from head to toe
  • Proximo-distal develops body parts that are nearest from the center to the farthest
  • Development is the product of the interaction of maturation and learning
  • There are individual differences in development
  • Development proceeds by stage
• Stages of Prenatal Period

  • Ovum (Fertilization to two weeks)
  • Embryo (End of two weeks to end of two months)
  • Fetus (Third to month)
• Infancy


  Covers the first two weeks immediately after birth, when the baby makes adjustments to life outside the mother's womb
• Reflexes


  • Babinski reflex
  • Palmar grasp reflex
  • Moro or start reflex
• Babyhood


  The stage that follows infancy and extends between 2 weeks to two years
• Childhood


  • Early childhood (ages 3-8)
  • Middle childhood (ages 6-12)
• Psychosexual Development


  Captures the main growth points of a person from infancy to adulthood and focus on different facets of wants, needs, and desires
• Psychosexual Stages


  • Oral Stage (0-1 year old)
  • Anal Stage (2-3 years old)
  • Phallic Stage (3-6 years old)
  • Latency Stage (6 years old to puberty)
  • Genital Stage (Puberty onwards)
• Cognitive Development


  Comes from the level of maturation of the brain and the rest of the nervous system and of the sense organs
• Cognitive Stages


  • Sensorimotor (From birth to two years old)
  • Preoperational (2 years old to about 6 and 7 years old)
  • Concrete Operational (About 6-7 years old to 11 years old)
  • Formal Operational (12 years old onward)
• Moral Development


  Focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning
• Moral Stages


  • Preconventional Stage 1 (Avoid punishment)
  • Preconventional Stage 2 (Obtain reward)
  • Conventional Stage 3 (Seek approval from others)
  • Conventional Stage 4 (Follow the rules because they are the rules)
  • Postconventional Stage 5 (Values and rights are relative, laws are important but can be changed if violate liberty)
  • Postconventional Stage 6 (Follow conscience over law)