21st

• Cities in Manila


  • Manila
  • Quezon City
  • Las Pinas
  • Mandaluyong
  • Makati
  • Marikina
  • Muntinlupa
  • Paranaque
  • Pasay
  • Pasig
  • Taguig
  • San Juan
  • Navotas
  • Malabon
  • Caloocan
  • Valenzuela
• NCR - known as the National Capital Region
• High income citizens


  Live in Makati or Muntinlupa
• Low income families


  Live in Tondo and Smokey Mountain
• Famous Landmarks


  • Intramuros in Fort Santiago
  • Rizal Park
  • National Museum
  • Manila Cathedral
  • San Agustin Church
  • Bahay Tsinoy Museum
  • Anda Circle
• Filipino


  More popularly known as Tagalog and also the national language of the country
• English


  Language of commerce, law, and several workplaces
• Tagalog Region is well-known nationwide as the birthplace of a rich tradition of Philippine culture in aspects of language, politics, economy and politics
• University of Sto. Tomas is the oldest university in the Philippines (April 28, 1611)
• The first printing press was created in Manila and its publication is known as Doctrina Cristiana created in 1593 in the form of XYLOGRAPHY
• Pasyon


  Narrates the life of Jesus Christ in the form of song and poetry written in Tagalog by Fr. Mariano Pilapil and Gaspar Aquino de Belen originally by Fr. Juan de Placencia and Fr. Domingo Nieva
• Writers in the Philippines


  • Francisco Balagtas
  • Lope K. Santos
  • Baltazar
  • Lazaro Francisco
  • Jose Rizal
  • Faustino Aguilar
  • Andres Bonifacio
  • Jose Corazon de Jesus
  • Alejandro Abadilla
  • Apolinario Mabini
  • Modesto de Castro
  • Emilio Jacinto
  • Marcelo H. del Pilar
  • Jose P. Laurel
  • Claro M. Recto
  • Amado V. Hernandez
• Li Bai


  Poems about own life, conversational tone, Tang Dynasty Period
• Du Fu


  Poet-historian, emotional impact and social issues
• Matsuo Basho


  Greatest Japanese poet, elevated haiku (5/7/5)
• Idu


  Allowed Koreans to create rough translation from Chinese to Korean
• 4 Major Forms of Korean Literature

  • Hyangga (native songs)
  • Pyolgok or Changga (special songs)
  • Sijo (current melodies)
  • Kasa (verses)
• Seo Jeong-ju


  Known as Midang, wrote over 1000 poems for 60 years and has 15 collections of poetry, works are translated to English, French, Spanish, and German
• Rabindranath Tagore


  Bengali Poet, short story writer, essayist, painter, song composer, introduced prose and verse forms into Bengali Literature
• There are 54 nations in Africa
• Forms of African Oral Literature

  • Stories
  • Dramas
  • Riddles
  • Histories
  • Myths
  • Proverbs
• Colonization led to slavery, after WWII Africans demanded independence
• Islands in Mindanao


  • Camiguin
  • Siargao
  • Samal
  • Bucas Grande
  • Dinagat
  • Basilan
  • Tawi-Tawi
  • Sulu
• Regions in Mindanao


  • SOCCSKSARGEN
  • Northern Mindanao
  • CARAGA
  • Zamboanga Peninsula
  • Davao
  • BARRM
• Famous Landmarks in Mindanao

  • Sunken Cemetery in Camiguin Islands
  • Grand Mosque of Cotabato
  • Dapitan - Zamboanga
  • Islamic city of Marawi
• Cebuano


  Most used language in most regions except for Muslim areas on the West Coast and Hill tribes
• Other Languages in Mindanao

  • Mandaya
  • Mansaka
  • Kalagan
  • Sangirese
  • Giangon
  • Obo
  • Dibabawon
  • Sarangani
  • Tagabawa
  • Hiligaynon
• Ethnic Groups known as Lumads in Mindanao


  • Subanons (Zamboanga Peninsula)
  • Bukidnons, Ata Manobos, Matigsalugs, Mamanwas, Agusan Manobos, Kamigins, Talaandigs, Higaonons (CARAGA and Northern Mindanao)
  • T'bolis, Tirurays, B'laans, Saranganis, Cotabato Manobos (SOCCSKSARGEN)
  • Obos, Mandayas, Giangans, Tagabawas, Kalagans, Sangirese, Mansakas (Davao)
• Moro Ethnic Groups in Mindanao

  • Maguindanao
  • Maranaos
  • Tausugs
  • Yakans
  • Iranuns
  • Samas
• Other Ethnic Groups in Mindanao

  • Butuanons
  • Surigaonons
  • Kagay-anons
  • Zamboanguenos
  • Hiligaynons
  • Cebuanos
  • Bajaos
• 63% are Christians, 32% are Muslims, 5% Other religions
• Mt. Apo is the highest point in the Philippines in Davao
• Folktales/Epics in Mindanao


  • Kana-Kana (Jama Mapun and Sama)
  • Katakata (Tausugs)
  • Oman-oman (Davaoenos)
  • Totol (Maranao)
  • Tudtol (Iranon)
  • Tudtolan (Maguindanao)
• Epics in Mindanao


  • Bantugan (Maranao)
  • Indarapata and Sulayman (Maguindanao)
  • Parang Sabil hi Abdulla iban hi Isara (Tausug) epic-ballad
• Folktales in Mindanao


  • Agamaniyog Folktales (Maranao)
  • Manuk-manuk bulawan also known as Agta and Datu Dakula
  • Posong/Pusung (Tausug) a story of how Posong managed to trick the datu and get away with it
• Periods of American Literature

  • Colonial Period (17th Century to 1830)
  • Romantic Period (1830 to 1870)
  • Realism and Naturalism (1870 to 1910)
  • Modernist Period (1910 to 1945)
  • Post Modernist/Contemporary Period (1945 to Present)
• Colonial Period


  Earliest American literature characterized as practical, straightforward, derivative of Great Britain Literature and future-centered
• Romantic Period


  Emphasizes and embraces individualism and a person's emotional experience over reason, more stories about enslaved and free African Americans were written in the 1850s
• Realism and Naturalism


  2.3 million soldiers fought in the Civil War and an estimate of 851,000 died in the year 1861-1865, realism became the literary movement of writers, Walt Whitman claimed that "a great literature will arise out of the era of those four years"
• Modernist Period


  A sense of disillusionment and loss pervades American modernist fiction generating nihilistic, destructive impulse or express hope at the prospect of change