issues and debates

• gender bias 


  the differential treatment and or representation of males and females based on stereotypes and not on real differences
• alpha bias 


  exaggerates the difference between men and women

  • more likely to devalue women
• beta bias 


  refers to the thoeries which ignores or minimises the difference between men and women

  • results tend to be generalised to females
• androcentrism 


  theories which are centered on or focused on males

  • viewing behaviour from a male perspective
• culture bias 


  the tendancy to judge people in terms of ones own cultrual assumptions
• enthnocentrism


  means seeing the world only from ones own cultrual perspective and believing that this one perspective is both normal and correct
• cultrual relativism 


  insists that beaviour can be properly understood, only if the cultrual context is taken into consideration

  2 approaches

  • etic
  • emic
• etic approach 


  looks at behaviour from outside and attempt to describe those behaviours that are universal

  • christmas
• emic approach


  considers behaviour from the inside

  idea we should view psychology through the culture it was done in
• individualism 


  associated with western countries who are taught to value personal freedom and independance
• collectivism 


  more emphasis on interdepandanceneed for a group and the.
• universality 


  when a theory is described as universal, it means that it can apply to all people, irrespective of gender and culture