work & employment

• 2011 Census


  The proportion of men aged 16 to 64 who were unemployed was highest in the other Black (17%), for women it was highest for Black African (12%). The highest rates of unemployment for women were in the Arab (64%) ethnic group. Bangladeshi (56%) & Gypsy/Irish Traveller (54%) women were the most likely to work part-time.
• There is evidence of less favourable treatment of people from many ethnic minority backgrounds in recruitment processes.
• Wood et al - Work & employment

  Found that discrimination if favour of white names over equivalent applications from candidates from a number of ethnic minority groups was 29%.
• Standardised application forms were used in 79% of public-sector applications, compared with 6% in the private sector, which may suggest unfair practices in the private sector.
• Heath & Yu - Work & employment


  Examined the evolution of ethnic penalties using data from the General Household Survey & the Labour Force Survey.Found that 1st-generation Black, Indian & Pakistani male migrants (born 1940-59) faced significant ethnic penalties in terms of access to professional/managerial jobs.
• Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2007)


  There is evidence that some ethnic minority graduates, particularly women, are finding it harder to gain higher-level positions in their occupations.
• Battu & Sloane - Work & employment


  Argue that ethnic minorities in employment are more likely to be overeducated than the White group in the UK; so employment rates might not give a complete indication of the welfare of particular groups if those groups are doing jobs for which they are overeducated.
• Davidson - Work & employment

  Used the term 'concrete ceiling' to describe the embedded discrimination that prevents ethnic minority women being promoted.Women from ethnic minority groups report their journey to the highest levels is more difficult than white women.The concrete ceiling is impenetrable.