poverty

• 2011 Census


  1/3 Bangladeshis & Pakistanis in England & Wales were living 'in deprived neighbourhood', compared to 1/12 of the White British group.
• Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2007)


  Living in a deprived area reduced employment prospects, the effect was larger for ethnic minorities.
• Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2007)


  Provided a good snapshot of the weekly household income of different ethnic groups & illustrated the shares that came from earned income & welfare benefits. The largest share of income in White households came from wages & self-employment income (74%), as much as 83% of Indian households' income came from wages & self-employment income. In Pakistani & Bangladeshi household, only 67% of income came from these sources, a relatively large share of their income came from 'other social security benefits'.
• Evandrou - Poverty


  Explored the poverty of older people & how it varied by ethnicity.Found the white elderly had the lowest levels of income poverty followed by Irish, then Black Caribbean, then India elderly, with up to 60% of the Pakistani & Bangladeshi elderly were in income poverty.
• Runnymede report


  Found that ethnic minority groups are up to 3x more likely than white people to experience poverty in retirement. Any older people from minority groups also face language barriers as well as difficulties accessing information & navigating an unfamiliar & complex pensions system.
• Flaherty et al - Poverty

  Suggest a number of reasons for high rates of poverty among ethnic minority groups including the following:Members of ethnic minority households are more likely to be unemployed compared to whites.Many ethnic minorities used to work in the manufacturing sector & these jobs have significantly declined.Ethnic minorities may find it difficult to escape poverty because they tend to live in deprived areas.Many ethnic minorities are likely to live in poor-quality, overcrowded & damp housing.
• Alcock - Poverty


  Argues that many ethnic minority groups experience material deprivation & that this can lead to social exclusion.Claims that 'deprivation in housing, health & education adds significantly to the financial inequality of Black people, & they have remained important despite the introduction in the 1960s of the race relations legislation'.Argues that material deprivation maybe further exacerbated by racial harassment, which can have the effect of making ethnic minorities feel even more isolated.