Biology year9

• Amylase and maltase are needed to break down starch into glucose
• Prokaryotic cells don't have mitochondria
• In eukaryotic cells most of the respiration occurs in the mitochondria
• Atp = Adenosine Triphosphate
• ATP is needed for Active transport, muscle contraction, cell division, and joining amino acids together to make protein
• Aerobic requires oxygen Anaerobic does not require oxygen
• Glucose is a reactant needed for both types of respiration
• For aerobic respiration the yield is 32 ATP. Anaerobic is 2 ATP.
• If your temperature fell, the rate of respiration would slow down because it doesn't have the energy off of the heat to stay at the same constant rate. The enzymes and substrates wouldn't have enough kinetic energy, and wouldn't collide often enough.
• If your temperature rose, the rate of respiration would decrease and the enzymes will quicken up the pace, and denature.
• Ecotherms rise and fall. Endotherms keep the temperature constant.
• Aerobic respiration: Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + water
• Balanced equation for aerobic respiration: C⁶H¹²O⁶ + 6O² ---> 6CO² + 6H²O
• Anaerobic respiration occurs in the cytoplasm of cells
• Glucose is not fully broken down without oxygen, so we say that anaerobic respiration is the incomplete breakdown of glucose
• Anaerobic equation in animals: Glucose ---> Lactic acid
• Anaerobic reapiration in animals balanced equation: C⁶H¹²O⁶ ---> 2C³H⁶O³
• Anaerobic respiration in fungi: Glucose ---> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide
• A respirometer can be used to see how fast oxygen is being used
• If lactic acid builds up in muscle cells, cramps and muscle fatigue can occur
• Oxygen debt is the oxygen needed to oxidise the lactic acid
• The smaller the animal the larger its surface area to volume ratio
• Smaller amimals lose heat at a quicker rate to the environment
• CORMS

  C-Change

  O-Organism

  R-Repeat

  M-Measure

  S-Same
• In corms there are two Measures and Sames
• For a healthy duet, you need:

  Carbohydrates

  Proteins

  Fats

  Minerals

  Vitamins

  Water

  Fibre
• Carbohydrates:

  • Rice, pasta and potatoes.
  • It is needed for respiration as it releases energy in the form of ATP
  • Could cause obesity if too much is taken in
• Protein:

  • Meat, Fish, eggs
  • Needed for normal growth, and repairing tissues.
  • Could cause stunted growth if not enough taken in.
• Lipids:

  • Salmon, butter, seeds
  • Needed for energy reserves.
  • could lead to obesity
• Calcium:

  • Yoghurt, cheese and milk.
  • Keeps bones dense and strong and strengthens enamel on the outside of teeth.
  • Could lead to rickets
• Iron:

  • Red meat, beans and liver.
  • They make haemoglobin.
  • Could lead to Anaemia
• Vitamin A:

  • Liver, eggs and spinach.
  • Needed for vision when there are low levels of light.
  • Could lead to night blindness.
• Bile neutralises the hydrochloric acid, it is produced in the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and realeased in the duodenum, and breaks down large droplets into small droplets.
• The food in the mouth mixes with the saliva making bolus. Then the food moves down the oesophagus by peristalsis
• Protein stays in the stomach from 2-3 hours, during this 3 layers of muscle contract and relax, and churn up the food.
• Disaccharides are 2 single units joined together.
• Maltose is formed when glucose molecules join together.
• Sucrose is formed when a glucose and a fructose molecule join together
• We can't store glucose in our cells because it is soluble, so would lower the water potential of cells leading to osmosis
• Glycogen is the storage polymer of glucose in plants