GCSE PE Paper 2

• Motor Skill Definition

  An action or task that has a target or goal that requires a voluntary body and/or limb movement to achieve this goal
• Skilful Movement - Definition

  A skilled movement is one in which a predetermined objective is accomplished with maximum efficiency and minimum outlay of energy
• Skilful Movement - Efficiency

  Key Words - no wasted energy, no exertion, movement is effortless

  Practical Examples - hitting a ball in cricket

  Unskilful Faults - inefficient (wasting energy), performer tires quickly
• Skilful Movement - Pre-determined

  Key Words - know what you are trying to achieve, you know before you do it, planned

  Practical Example - gymnast knows their routine beforehand

  Unskillful Faults - not sure what to do next, no plan
• Skilful Movement - Co-ordinated

  Key Words - able to move different limbs at the same time

  Practical Example - volleyball player can jump and spike at the same time successfully

  Unskillful Faults - unable to move both limbs at the same time, not able to combine skills
• Skilful Movement - Fluent

  Key Words - one flowing movement

  Practical Example - rugby player picks up the ball in one flowing movement

  Unskillful Faults - jerky, not flowing
• Skilful Movement - Aesthetic

  Key Words - looks good, uses the correct technique

  Practical Example - basketball player shoots the ball using the correct technique

  Unskillful Faults - doesn't look good, looks clumsy
• Key Benefits of Goal Setting

  Optimising Performance - achieve more in a shorter space of time/improve focus in training/improve your skills, fitness and tactics

  Ensuring Exercise Adherence - commitment to exercise/encouragement to take up a new activity/increased motivation

  Control Anxiety - reduce stress of improvement as you have a focus which is realistic/increase pride and satisfaction when goal is achieved
• SMART Principle of Goal Setting

  Specific - clear goal, not a vague idea or desire to improve, consider the sport and skill you want to improve

  Measurable - starting standard (baseline test) to measure progress against

  Achievable - keep performers motivated with realistic targets so that goals can be reached

  Recorded - write down the measurement on a regular basis to monitor and track progress

  Timed - clear amount of time to add focus achieved through short and long term goals (planned and progressive)
• Visual Guidance

  Description - using visual aids such as demonstration or videos to show an ideal picture of a skill

  Advantages - good for beginners, easier to remember movement, quick and effective

  Disadvantages - could teach incorrect movement pattern, difficult to get the feel sense of a skill, may be too complicated for effective understanding

  Practical Example - coach demonstrating a set shot in basketball
• Verbal Guidance

  Description - using words to describe action and explain how to perform the movement

  Advantages - immediate, fine tuning, motivating

  Disadvantages - wrong information, misunderstanding/confusion, cannot easily create a mental picture

  Practical Example - a teacher telling a pupil to watch the ball when receiving a pass in rugby
• Manual Guidance Description

  Physical support by a coach for performer to feel the movement needed
• Mechanical Guidance Description

  Using equipment to support and guide the performer
• Manual and Mechanical Advantages and Disadvantages

  Advantages - reduces fear factor, safer, raises confidence, gives feel of movement

  Disadvantages - unrealistic feeling of movement, over reliant on support, dangerous if not supported correctly
• Physical Restriction and Forced Response

  Physical Restriction - keeping someone in a secured position to decrease chances of injury such as supporting a gymnast over a vault

  Forced Response - moving someone through a particular pattern such as a golfers arms through the movement of a swing
• Environmental Continuum - Definition

  Classified according to changes in the patterns or pace of the skill performed (weather/surroundings/terrain/opposition/crowd)
• Environmental Continuum - Closed Skill

  Definition - the movement patterns are the same every time and the environment they are performed in remains the same

  Key Words - not affected by the environment, you have a lot of control, predictable for the performer, self-paced by the performer, follow a set pattern, few decisions, definite beginning and end

  Practical Examples - free throw (basketball), kick off (football)
• Environmental Continuum - Open Skill

  Definition - the movement patterns have to change in order to suit a changing environment

  Key Words - affected by the environment, small amount of control, not predictable, externally paced, more decisions to be made

  Practical Examples - lay up (basketball), cross into the box (football), receiving a serve (tennis)
• Difficulty Continuum - Definition

  Classified according to the descisions or judgements that you have to make
• Difficulty Continuum - Simple skill

  Definition - the movement patterns remain the same and very few decisions are made

  Key Words - difficulty, hardly any judgements or decisions, same pattern of play every time

  Practical Examples - bowling (cricket), penalty shot/pass against GA and GD (netball)
• Difficulty Continuum - Complex Skill

  Definition - the movement patterns change due to the decisions of the performer

  Key Words - difficulty, lots of judgements and decisions to be made, patterns may have to change

  Practical Examples - slip catch (cricket), centre pass (netball)
• Classification of Skill - Impact on Training

  Closed Skill - practice repeatedly so it becomes muscle memory

  Open Skill - practice in a variety of situations so you can build a variety of strategies
• Types of Feedback - Feedback Definition

  Feedback is information that is given to a performer about their performance
• Types of Feedback - Intrinsic

  You know how well you did because of what it felt like

  Works best for experienced performers because they can judge wether or not they have performed well

  e.g. diver diving off the blocks feeling legs aren't straight
• Types of Feedback - Extrinsic

  Someone else tells or shows you what happened and how to improve

  Suited to beginners as they don't have the knowledge to accurately assess their own performance

  e.g. a hockey player sees the ball going into the net/a coach telling a gymnast to straighten their legs
• Types of Feedback - Knowledge of Performance

  Information about how well the movement was executed

  Can be intrinsic or extrinsic

  Works well for experienced performers as fine tuning for existing skills

  e.g. changing the angle of a cricket bat to hit the ball in a different direction
• Types of Feedback - Knowledge of Result

  Type of terminal feedback that gives information about the end result

  Always intrinsic and can include data

  Useful for experienced performers as they need to be told wether or not they achieved the right result

  e.g. score at the end of a football match, javelin throwing distance, jump height/distance, race time
• Types of Feedback - Positive

  Focuses on what the performer did well

  Good for beginners as it helps them remember which parts of the movement they should repeat

  e.g. coach saying well done for a good pass in netball
• Types of Feedback - Negative

  Focuses on what the performer didn't do well and could improve

  Useful for experienced performers as it provides them with information that they can use to fine tune their performance and on which to base goals

  Avoid with beginners too much as it lowers their confidence

  e.g. coach saying forehand grip is wrong in tennis