Memory

• What is input?

  Entering data into memory
• What is encoding?

  Putting data into a format that is recognisable
• What is storage?

  Retaining data for later use
• What is retrieval?

  Searching for and accessing data
• What is output?

  Using the data that has been retrieved
• What are the three types of forgetting?

  1. decay

  2. displacement

  3. retrieval failure
• What is decay?

  When information has not been rehearsed or used enough in memory so it just fades away over time
• What is displacement?

  When older information is pushed out by newer information because there is not enough space for it all in storage
• What is retrieval failure?

  When information that is still in memory cannot be easily accessed due to a lack of cues
• What is a cue?

  Something inside of us or in our environment which triggers a memory
• What is anterograde amnesia?

  Severe memory loss for experiences and information recieved AFTER the neurological damage
• What area of the brain is linked to anterograde amnesia?

  Hippocampus - where new memories are formed
• What is retrograde amnesia?

  Severe memory loss for experiences and information learned BEFORE the neurological damage
• What area of the brain is linked to retrograde amnesia?

  Frontal lobe - where planning and making judgements occur
• What area of the brain is linked with procedural memory?

  Cerebellum - where motor skills occur (walk, talk, read)
• What is the multi-store model of memory?

  An explanation of memory based on three separate memory stores, and how information is transferred between these stores

  
• What are the three stores in the multi-store model?

  Sensory store, short term memory store (STM), long term memory (LTM)
• Where does the input come from in the multi-store model?

  The environment
• Sensory store duration:

  Approximately two seconds
• Short term memory store duration:

  15-30 seconds
• Long term memory duration:

  potentially forever
• Sensory store capacity:

  large but limited
• Short term memory capacity:

  limited to 7+-2
• Long term memory capacity:

  unlimited
• Sensory store coding:

  Modality specific
• Short term memory coding:

  Mainly auditory
• Long term memory coding:

  Mainly semantic
• What is chunking?

  relating an item or set of items together
• What is modality specific coding?

  where data is coded in the same form as it enters memory e.g visual = image, acoustic = echo
• What is auditory coding?

  Where data is formatted acoustically
• What is semantic coding?

  where data is stored in an abstract way based on its meaning
• Key criticism of the multi-store model of memory:

  The model overemphasises the role of rehearsal in memory - there is lots of things we rehearse that aren't in our long term + lots of things we don't rehearse that make it into our long term memory
• Other criticisms of the multi-store model of memory:

  1. All of our memories will work different - over-generalises humans

  2. ignores that there is more than 1 LTM - personal experience and knowledge
• What are the three types of long term memory?

  1. episodic

  2. semantic

  3. procedural
• What is episodic memory?

  long-term memory for storing personal experiences
• What is semantic memory?

  long-term memory for storing facts
• What is procedural memory?

  long-term memory for motor activities we remember how to do
• What is conciousness?

  being aware of yourself and your experiences
• What does the theory of reconstructive memory focus on?

  the process involved in remembering and forgetting and how recall is rarely accurate
• What is a schema?

  a mental framework for an object or situation that we have experienced