CHEMISTRY

• The three states of matter

  • Solid
  • Liquid
  • Gas
• Matter is made up of particles
• State of matter


  Determined by the arrangement and behavior of the particles that make up the substance, as well as the amount of energy they possess
• Particles


  • In constant motion
  • Temperature affects their speed of motion
  • Have empty spaces between them
  • Have forces of attraction between them
• Processes that provide evidence of the particulate theory of matter

  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Brownian motion
• Diffusion


  The net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly spread out
• Solution


  A substance which consists of a solute and a solvent
• Concentration of a solution


  Indicates how much solute is present
• Osmosis


  The net movement of water molecules from a dilute solution to a more concentrated solution across a selectively permeable membrane
• Brownian motion


  The random movement of particles in a fluid due to the constant bombardment of the molecules in a fluid
• Changes in states of matter

  • Solid to liquid: Melting
  • Liquid to solid: Freezing
  • Liquid to gas: Vaporization
  • Gas to liquid: Condensation
  • Solid to gas: Sublimation
  • Gas to solid: Deposition
• The charge of a proton is +1
• the charge of a neutron is 0
• the charge of an electron is -1
• The mass of a proton is 1
• the mass of a neutron is 1
• the mass of an electron is 1/1840
• Protons are found in the nucleus
• Neutrons are found in the nucleus
• Electrons orbit around the nucleus in shells
• Atoms do not have a charge beacause the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. the negative charges are cancelled out by the positive charges
• The atomic number indicates the number of protons an atom has
• the mass number indicates the number of protons and neutrons an atom has
• number of neutrons = mass number - number of protons
• Isotopes are atoms with different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons
• Isotopes have differing mass numbers caused by different amounts of neutrons
• Isotopes that undergo radioactive decay are called radioactive isotopes or radioisotopes
• Radioactivity occurs when unstable nuclei spontaneously emit radiation to become more stable.
• the groups (vertical) represent how many electrons are present in the outermost shell
• The outermost shell is know as the valence shell
• The elements in group 8 are known as noble gases
• The electrons in the valence shell are called valence electrons
• An ion is a charged particle that has gained or lost electrons.
• Mixtures always have a solute and a solvent
• A mixture is a combination of 2 or more pure substances that are not chemically combined.
• In a solution, the solute and the solvent cannot be distinguished by the naked eye or with assistance.
• In a colloid, the solute particles, though larger are evenly spread within the solvent and do not settle, hence appearing homogenous to the naked eye.
• Solubility refers to how easily one substance will dissolve into another.
• In a suspension, the solute particles are large enough to be distinguished by the naked eye. The solute and the solvent are unevenly mixed and can eventually settle into distinct layers.
• Homogenous mixture


  The two or more substances are evenly spead out throughout and appear as one to the naked eye