katherine

• Cell cycle:


  Interphase

  G1

  S

  G2

  Meiosis or mitosis
• Mitosis result


  results in 2 genetically identical diploid/somatic cells
• Meiosis result


  results in 4 genetically different haploid/gamete cells
• Mitosis


  DNA compared to the originalThe same
• Meiosis


  DNA compared to the originalHalf
• Mitosis stage 1


  ProphaseThe phase of mitosis when the chromosomes arecoiling, nuclear envelope disappearsand spindle fibers form
• Meiosis stage 1


  Prophase 1Meiotic phase where the sister chromatids condense and form atetrad. The homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments theycrossoverPairing of homologous chromosomes occurs
• Mitosis stage 2


  MetaphaseThe phase of mitosis when the chromosomes are line up in themiddleof the cell
• Meiosis stage 2


  Metaphase 1Meiotic phase when the tetradsline upalong center with spindle fibers attached to centromere
• Mitosis stage 3


  AnaphaseMitotic phase where chromosomesmove apart
• Meiosis stage 3


  Anaphase 1when sister chromatids migrate as a pair, rather than splitting up, butseparatefrom theirhomologous partner(sisters stay together on one side!)Move to opposite ends of cell
• Mitosis stage 4


  TelophasePhase of mitosis when the chromosomes areuncoilingand the cell is ready to divide
• Meiosis stage 4


  Telophase 1

  chromosomes arrive at opposite poles of the cell
• Meiosis stage 5


  Prophase 2

  Sister chromatids condense

  New spindle fibers form
• Meiosis stage 6


  Metaphase 2

  Sister chromatids line up in the middle
• Meiosis stage 7


  Anaphase 2

  Chromatids are pulled apart
• Meiosis stage 8


  Telophase 2

  Chromatids arrive at ends and the cell pulls apart
• Cytokinesis


  Division of the cytoplasm
• Heredity


  Transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring
• Alleles


  Alternative forms of genes
• Genotype


  Genetic make-up of an organism
• Gene


  Segment of DNA that controls a particular trait
• Monohybrid cross


  Cross involving one pair of contrasting traits
• Heterozygous


  Term describing organisms having two different forms of a gene for a trait

  Example: Aa
• Homozygous


  Term describing an organism having two of the same kind of allele

  Example: aa or AA
• Carrier


  heterozygous that carries a gene

  Example: Aa (a carrier) + Aa (a carrier) = aa (shows a trait)
• Phenotype


  physical traits of an organism
• Mendel's law of segregation


  alleles segregate during gamete formation
• Autosomes


  not sex cells (44 in humans)
• Sex chromosomes


  determine sex (2 in humans)
• Polygenic


  traits controlled by multiple genes

  Examples: skin color, eye color
• Trisomy 21


  down syndrome

  caused by nondisjunction (extra chromosome)
• Recombinant DNA


  DNA produced by combining DNA from different sources
• Genetic engineering


  Application of molecular genetics

  recombinant DNA technology
• Transgenic


  Organism that contains genes from another species
• Plasmids


  Small circular pieces of DNA found in bacterial cells and used in genetic engineering
• Restriction enzymes


  cut DNA before running through the gel
• Gel electrophoresis


  Process that separates DNA fragments by charge and size

  -Smaller move faster

  Separates by size

  DNA is negative and the bottom is positive, so the fragments move (positive attracts negative)

  The smallest is at the bottom

  The largest is at the top
• PCR


  Process used to make multiple copies of DNA
• DNA profile/DNA fingerprint


  pattern of bands made up of fragments of an individual's DNA