Neurobiology and Endocrinologu

• what is homeostasis


  maintaining the internal environment
• what is the nervous system

  a system which :

  1. relays messages over short distances for a short acting effect
• what is the endocrine system?


  a system which:

  1. relays long-term messages for long -term action over a widespread area
• what are the two parts of the NS?

  CNS and peripheral nervous system
• how is the PNS split?

  sensory

  motor - somatic & autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
• what are the primary cortical areas? Primary motor cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, primary visual cortex, primary auditory cortex.
• whats the cerebrum function?

  Cognitive function - personality, memory formation, understanding
• whats the cerebellum?


  coordinates regulated movement, balance etc
• whats the brain stem?

  controlling homeostatic regulation - cardiac, respiratory systems
• midbrain function?


  vision
• medulla function?


  sympathetic nervous system - homeostatic functions
• 3 parts of brainstem?

  pons, midbrain, medulla
• whats grey body made of?

  cell bodies
• whats white matter made of?

  fibre tracts
• motor cortical area function?

  contraction of skeletal muscle
• somatic cortical area function?


  senses
• amygdala function?


  emotion
• hippocampus function ?


  memory
• how do sensory axons connect to the spinal cord?

  projects its axon onto the dorsel root ganglion into the spinal cord and synpases onto other neurons there
• what are somatic neurones?

  efferent signals which have their cell body in the spinal cord and projects axons towards muscles
• what are spinal nerves made of?

  MIXED sensory and motor axons (afferents and efferents)
• 4 parts of spinal nerves?

  cervical

  thoracic

  lumbar

  sacral
• whats a dermatome?


  area of skin which is mainly supplied by a single neve
• whats the sympathetic pathway responsible for?

  fight or flight response
• whats the parasympthatic pathway responsible for?

  rest and digest system
• what is the function of the nervous system?

  transmit info reliably and quickly over long distances
• whats an action potential?

  bioelectrical activity passing from one end of the axon to the othe
• what are the 4 stages of AP generation?

  1. resting state
  2. depolarization state
  3. repolarization state
  4. hyperpolarization state
• what causes the depolarisation state?

  NA+ channel open allowing sodium to enter
• what happens in the repolarisation stage?

  the sodium channels are inactivated but the potassium channels open
• what happens in the hyperpolarisation stage?

  potassium remain open, sodium remains inactivated
• how are electrical synapses mediated?

  gap junctions
• what are the two types of synaptic transmission?

  electrical and chemical
• stages of chemical synapse transmission

  
  

  synaptic vesicles containing the neurotransmitter fuse to the membrane of the active zone

  releasing the NT into synaptic cleft

  target receptors on the other side
• what are three types of chemical synapse?

  1. axo-dendritic synapse
  2. axoaxonic synapse
  3. axosomatic synapse
• what are the two types of receptors for Ach?

  1. ionotropic
  2. metabotropic
• what does the pineal gland releasE?

  melatonin - sleep
• where do endocrine gland secrete hormones into?

  interstitial fluid
• example of lipid soluble hormone?

  thyroxine
• how are lipid soluble hormones transported?

  needs to bind to a carrier