AC 3.2

• AC 3.2 could ask you

  • Describe/ explain behavioural tactics
  • describe/ explain environmental tactics
  • explain contribution environmental tactics makes
  • explain the contribution behavioural tactics
  • describe the impact of gaps in state provision
  • desribe institutional tactics
• Ac 3.2

  • 4 marks- 2 para
  • 6 marks- 3 para
  • 9 marks- 4 para
  • evidence in each para, evidence can be key words, special vocab, case studies, stats, examples and key people
  • contribution- neg and pos contribution. No need for balance
• Environmental tactics in society (CPTED)

  • CPTED (crime prevention through environmental design)
  • Ray Jeffery Coined the term
  • such as CCTV, lighting
• Newman (environmental tactics in society)

  • Defensible spaces: protected so there’s low crime and it is seen as face
  • indefensible: high risk of crime since it is uncared for.
• Coleman (environmental tactics in society)

  • 4099 flats design issues in flats such as anonymity, lack of surveillance, easy escape
  • recommended to remove overhead walkways- Lisson green did this and saw 50 percent reduction in crime
• Negative contributions of CPTED

  • Anti homeless architecture- Marxists says unfairly targets proletariat and left realism says displaces crime instead of solving it
  • jeong- theft moved areas no impact on violent crime
  • gated lanes are expensive
  • bourgiese only can afford CPTED
• Positive contributions of CPTED

  • CPTED- known as target hardening area
  • broken windows theory- Wilson and Kelling in New York, crimes cleaned up to stop crime, 60 percent drop in murders
  • functionalism creates a sense of ownership
  • physical modifications- resident caring
• positive Contributions of Newman

  • Functionalism- creates a sense of ownership)
  • gated lanes reduce bulgulary rates as sense of territory
  • Cardiff residents like gated lanes- prevents drug addicts
  • reduce of crime in glascow and Cardiff
• negative contributions of Newman

  • D Taylor died alone in flats
  • Jeong- theft moved areas
  • gated lanes expensive cost 728 pounds per gate
• What are the positive contributions of Colman

  • Lisson Green 50% reduce in crime when overhead walkways removed
• Negatives of Coleman


  D. Taylor murdered
• Environmental tactics- prison design: panopticon

  • Central tower, fear of watched. visibility a trap (based in cuba). watered down version in pentonville
  • doesn’t work well since 2 prisoners escaped, human rights concerns
  • focuses on public protection and retribution.
• Environmental tactics- prison Design: supermax

  • Worse of the worst prisoners
  • long term segregated housing
  • cost 2.3 x more than a normal prison
  • example Florence, Colorado- locked up 23 hrs a day, no sunlight.
  • watered down version is category A prison Belmarsh (protection and retribution)
• Environmental tactic- prison design: alternate prison

  • focus on rehab
  • left realists love
  • right realists hate
  • Bastoy in Norway- 20% reoffend
  • watered down version is Category D, open prison- spend most of day out of prison
• Behavioural Tactics used in society- Asbo:

  • ASBOS used in 1988 to punish low level crime
  • argued to be badge of honour. 58% breached in 2013
• What are the negative contributions of ASBOS

  • Left realism doesnt tackle root cause
  • right realism Not strict enough
  • Marxism- proletariat unfairly targeted
  • functionalism- reaffirms boundaries
  • brown- targets marginalised groups, unfair on children. Young people unserious
• What are the positive contributions of ASBOS

  • Kirby- practitioners who worked with young people saw ASBOS worked as an effective tool
  • still exists in Scotland
• What replaced Asbos?

  • civil injunctions- prevent Nuisance and annoyance, replaced ASBOS, for 10yrs and older, lasts for 12 months
  • criminal behaviour orders (CBO)- against the most seriously antisocial individuals, replaced ASBOS, could get 5 yrs in prison if breach it
• Behavioural Tactics in prisons: token economies

  • Skinners theory of operant conditioning
  • also known as incentives and earned privledges scheme
  • tokens can be exchanged for rewards for good behaviours- keeping cell tight, extra tv Time
  • tokens can be taken away for bad beh eg getting into fights
• Positive contribution of token economies

  • Nebraska- youth facilities used token economies showed that there was lowered behavioural issues by 1/3
  • prison reform Trust- token economies promote conforming beh through rational choice
  • violent criminals- works a certain extent, some offenders too impulsive
  • sex offenders- works well as highly receptive to rewards
• negative contributions of token economy

  • Hobbs and salt- more effective in ltm sentences than short
  • does not prepare for real world
  • biological theories cannot change criminals
  • right realism- needs to be punished
  • O’Donnell cannot generalise beyond institution in the long term
• Institutional tactics


  Methods/tactics used by institutions to control behaviour
• Institutional tactics


  • Sanctions
  • Positive sanctions (e.g. tv time)
  • Negative sanctions (e.g. cellular confinement)
• Law society


  • Remove solicitors from the role of solicitors
• General medical council


  • Disqualify doctors from medical profession (e.g. Roy meadows)
• Types of punishments by the courts

  • Custodial sentences (including suspended)
  • Discharges
  • Community sentences
• Probation


  Monitors offenders and recall their licence
• Prison punishments


  • Caution
  • Removed privileges
  • TV taken away up to 42 days
  • 85 days of no money
  • 35 days of cellular confinement
• Phased discipline


  Used often for first offence (e.g. a caution), punishment gets worse if offences continue
• Gaps in state provision

  • Budget cuts
  • New technology
  • Lack of laws
  • Unreported crimes
• Budget cuts


  1. Police 19% cut, 20000 less staff

  2. CPS 4% less staff

  3. Prison 16% less staff
• Budget cuts


  • CPS drop 350 weak rape cases, making mistakes with disclosure of evidence- Liam Allen
  • Police prioritisation, MET dropped 2.6 times as many cases on the same day in 2017 as 2016, drop complex cases and keep simple ones- theft 2days, rape 129 days
  • Prison poor staff control, 19 officer attacks a day, increase in contraband, increase in riots e.g Birmingham
• New technology


  • Drones smuggling in contraband in Wandsworth and Pentonville
  • Disclosure of evidence for CPS- Liam Allen, 916 cases dropped to use in 2016/17
  • Head of CPS admits they can't keep up with tech
• Lack of laws- upskirting not an offence in 2019 when Gina Martin petitioned before that nothing could be done
• Lack of laws controlling social media- Micah Richards certain words should be banned, live stream of Christchurch attack showed gap in our response and need to keep up with ever changing tech (Theresa May)
• Unreported crimes can't be controlled if not reported
• Domestic abuse unreported due to fear, shame lack of police, CPS seeing it as seriousness
• 4 women victims in lifetimes, % men. 2 women die a week
• Stanko- acts of domestic abuse occur every 6 seconds