Development

• development

  how economically, socially, environmentally and technologically advanced a country is. it is a measure of the quality of life in a country.
• HDI(scale of 0 to 1)


  • mean years of schooling
  • expected years of schooling
  • life expectancy
  • GNI per capita
• GNI


  the total money earnt by a country in a year
• natural increase


  when the birth rate of a country is higher than the death rate (per 1,000 people)
• natural decrease


  when the death rate of a country is higher than the birth rate (per 1,000 people)
• LICs

  low income countries
• HICs

  high income countries
• NICs?

  newly industrialised countries - almost a middle ground of a country not having a high or a low income
• GDP

  (gross domestic product) the total goods and services produced within a country's borders in a year - doesn't show inequality
• demographic transition model (DTM)


  shows how death rate, birth rate and total population correlate and change over time. it is split into five stages, each stage with a distinctive characteristic.
• rainforest

  at the equator the climate is very hot and wet because the sun is directly overhead. this focuses the energy on a small area, allowing it to heat up. the sun's rays also pass through a shorter distance of atmosphere, this means less heat energy is lost via dissipation, absorption and reflection by dust in the atmosphere.
• bilateral aid


  aid given directly from a richer country to a poorer country (HIC to a LIC)
• non government aid/voluntary aid


  charities called non government organisations (NGOs) raise money from the public to support development projects in other countries
• multilateral aid


  aid provided to a country/region following an emergency such as drought or earthquake. Aid given may be food or temporary accommodation
• bottom up aid


  a form of aid that encourages individuals/small communities to help themselves
• microfinance


  supply of small loans to poor or vulnerable people.
• emergency aid


  given by larger organisations such as the International Monetary Fund or World Bank.
• GNP

  the total value of goods or services produced by the citizens of a country in a set period of time (gross national product)
• desert


  • very little or no rain
  • very hot during the day but very cold at night
  • very strong wind
• savannah grassland

  • warm all year
  • wet season and longer dry season
  • scattered trees
• desertification

  The process of land degradation from fertile land suitable for agriculture to dry, arid desert climates, due to human activity or natural climate variations
• desert

  Desert regions are found around the tropics. This is because these are global zones of high pressure. This means air is falling towards the surface of Earth. It therefore heats up and there is no cloud formation. This means there is no rain and the skies are clear, this allows it to get very hot in the day but it can get very cold at night because the energy is easily lost
• rainforest

  • warm and wet all year
  • thousands of species of flora and fauna
• poverty-cycle

  a self-reinforcing set of circumstances which mean people find it very difficult to escape poverty
• Stage 1 DTM

  During this first stage, there are many fluctuations as first the birth rate and then the death rate are higher. This shows how the total population is fairly stable with there neither being a natural decrease or a natural increase.
• Stage 2 DTM

  There is a natural increase with an almost stagnant birth rate and a gradually decreasing death rate, meaning that the population is growing rapidly
• Stage 3 DTM

  Both the birth rate and death rate decrease, whilst the population increases with a steady curve. The birth rate is decreasing more rapidly than the death rate, however there is still a natural increase, meaning that the total population is increasing gradually.
• Stage 4 DTM


  The pattern that was seen in Stage 1 repeats itself, with fluctuating birth and death rates. However, we still see the population increase with a very gentle curve.
• Stage 5 DTM

  There is an increase in both the birth and death rate, with an natural decrease. The population shows a flat line before a slight slope downwards, due to low birth rates and an ageing population causing a slight increase in death rates.
• drought


  long period of unusually low rainfall for a climate
• trade


  the exchange of goods or services from one country to another.
• Sahel

  a vast semi-arid region, south of the Sahara desert, stretching from Senegal to Ethiopia
• climate graph

  a graphical representation of a location's climate, typically over a year. shows temperature and rainfall over 12 months. rainfall is represented by bars while temperature is represented by a line.
• 5 stages of the DTM

  • high stationary
  • early expanding
  • late expanding
  • low stationary
  • declining
• long-term aid


  aid which gives a lasting solution to a country
• short-term aid


  aid which is given in an emergency or disaster